— — 


AiJoj  U.  S.  DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE, 


I 


BUREAU  OF  SOILS. 

IN  COOPERATION  WITH  THE  NORTH  CAROLINA  DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE 


SOIL  SURVEY  OF  GUILFORD  COUNTY, 

NORTH  CAROLINA. 


BY 

R.  C.  JURNEY,  In  Charge,  and  S.  O.  PERKINS,  of  the 
U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture,  and  W.  A.  DAVIS 
AND  W.  D.  LEE,  OF  THE  NORTH  CAROLINA 
Department  of  Agriculture. 


a'  5/V  ,  •  -/ YU"  y 

[Advance  Sheets— Field  Operations  of  the  Bureau  of  Soils,  1920.] 


WASHINGTON: 

GOVERNMENT  PRINTING  OFFICE.. 

1923. 


Cfce  Librarg 

of  tl)e 

CJnibetsitg  of  J13ott&  Carolina 


CoUrttion  of  /|3ott&  CaroUniana 


CpC.5l.03 

G  '35  j 


FOR  USE  ONLY  IN 

THE  NORTH  CAROLINA  COLLECTION 

THIS  IffLE  HAS  BEEN  MICROFILMED 


UNIVERSITY  OF  N.C.  AT  CHAPEL  HILL 


i  ~  .  ,  I  t  A  . 

A.  C  ri  tH  CUflr^X-*.  \ 


U.  S.  DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE, 

BUREAU  OF  SOILS. 

IN  COOPERATION  WITH  THE  NORTH  CAROLINA  DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE. 


SOIL  SURVEY  OF  GUILFORD  COUNTY, 

NORTH  CAROLINA. 


R.  C.  JURNEY,  In  Charge,  and  S.  O.  PERKINS,  of  the 
U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture,  and  W.  A.  DAATS 
AND  W.  D.  LEE,  OF  THE  NORTH  CAROLINA 
Department  of  Agriculture. 


[Advance  Sheets — Field  Operations  of  the  Bureau  of  Soils,  1920.] 


WASHINGTON: 

GOVERNMENT  PRINTING  OFFICE. 
1923. 


[Public  Resolution — No.  9.] 


JOINT  RESOLUTION  Amending  public  resolution  numbered  eight.  Fifty-sixth  Congress, 
second  session,  approved  February  twenty-third,  nineteen  hundred  and  one,  “  providing 
for  the  printing  annually  of  the  report  on  field  operations  of  the  Division  of  Soils, 
Department  of  Agriculture.” 

Resolved  by  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives  of  the  United  States 
of  America  in  Congress  assembled,  That  public  resolution  numbered  eight, 
Fifty-sixth  Congress,  second  session,  approved  February  twenty-third,  nineteen 
hundred  and  one,  be  amended  by  striking  out  all  after  the  resolving  clause  and 
inserting  in  lieu  thereof  the  following: 

That  there  shall  be  printed  ten  thousand  five  hundred  copies  of  the  report  on 
field  operations  of  the  Division  of  Soils,  Department  of  Agriculture,  of  which 
one  thousand  five  hundred  copies  shall  be  for  the  use  of  the  Senate,  three 
thousand  copies  for  the  use  of  the  House  of  Representatives,  and  six  thousand 
copies  for  the  use  of  the  Department  of  Agriculture :  Provided,  That  in  addition 
to  the  number  of  copies  above  provided  for  there  shall  be  printed,  as  soon  as 
the  manuscript  can  be  prepared,  with  the  necessary  maps  and  illustrations  to 
accompany  it.  a  report  on  each  area  surveyed,  in  the  form  of  advance  sheets, 
bound  in  paper  covers,  of  which  five  hundred  copies  shall  be  for  the  use  of  each 
Senator  from  the  State,  two  thousand  copies  for  the  use  of  each  Representative 
lor  the  congressional  district  or  districts  in  which  the  survey  is  made,  and  one 
thousand  copies  for  the  use  of  the  Department  of  Agriculture. 

Approved,  March  14,  1904. 

[On  July  1,  1901,  the  Division  of  Soils  was  reorganized  as  the  Bureau  of  Soils.] 

XI 


c) 


CONTENTS 


Page. 

Soil  Survey  of  Guilford  County,  North  Carolina.  By  R.  C.  Jurney, 

In  Charge,  and  S.  O.  Perkins,  of  the  U.  S.  Department  of  Agricul¬ 
ture,  and  W.  A.  Davis  and  W.  I).  Lee,  of  the  North  Carolina  De¬ 


partment  of  Agriculture -  J  o  ‘ 

Description  of  the  area -  167 

Climate _  170 

Agriculture - - -  171 

Soils - -  1 1 6 

Cecil  sandy  loam -  181 

Cecil  loam _  182 

Cecil  clay  loam -  183 

Durham  coarse  sandy  loam -  184 

Durham  fine  sandy  loam -  184 

Appling  coarse  sandy  loam -  185 

Appling  sandy  loam - 186 

Appling  fine  sandy  loam -  188 

Davidson  clay  loam -  189 

Mecklenburg  loam - 190 

Iredell  sandy  loam -  191 

Iredell  fine  sandy  loam -  191 

Iredell  loam _  192 

Wilkes  sandy  loam -  393 

George vi He  silt  loam -  195 

Georgeville  silty  clay  loam -  395 

Congaree  silt  loam - —  196 

Meadow  (Congaree  material) -  197 

Rock  outcrop -  198 

Summary _  198 


ILLUSTRATIONS. 


FIGURE. 


Page. 

Fig.  6. — Sketch  map  showing  location  of  the  Guilford  County  area,  North 

Carolina _  167 


O'- 

ri 


MAP. 


Soil  map,  Guilford  County  sheet,  North  Carolina. 


ill 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 
in  2019  with  funding  from 
University  of  North  Carolina  at  Chapel  Hill 


frk> 


https://archive.org/details/soilsurveyofguilOOjurn 


SOIL  SURVEY  OF  GUILFORD  COUNTY, 
NORTH  CAROLINA. 

By  R.  C.  JURNEY,  In  Charge,  and  S.  O.  PERKINS,  of  the  U.  S.  Department  of 
Agriculture,  and  W.  A.  DAVIS  and  W.  D.  LEE,  of  the  North  Carolina  Depart¬ 
ment  of  Agriculture. 


DESCRIPTION  OF  THE  AREA. 


Fig.  6. — Sketch  map  showing 
location  of  the  Guilford 
County  area,  North  Caro¬ 
lina. 


Guilford  County  is  situated  in  the  north-central  part  of  North 

Carolina,  the  northern  boundary  line  being  about  20  miles  south 

of  the  Virginia  State  line.  The  county  is  bounded  on  the  north  by 

Rockingham  County,  on  the  east  by  Alamance  County,  on  the  south 

by  Randolph  County,  and  on  the  west  by 

Davidson  and  Forsyth  Counties.  It  is 

almost  a  square  in  outline,  and  contains 

an  area  of  650  square  miles,  or  416,000 

acres. 

* 

The  territory  included  in  Guilford 
County  consists  of  an  elevated  plateau 
dissected  by  the  valleys  of  numerous 
streams.  The  topography  varies  from  gently  rolling  to  rolling, 
steep,  and  broken.  The  smoother  areas  are  confined  largely  to  the 
broader  divides  in  the  northern  and  central  parts  of  the  county.  A 
ridge  characterized  by  smooth  to  gently  rolling  topography  extends 
from  Winding  Hill  School,  in  the  northwestern  corner  of  the  county, 
through  Stokesdale  and  Ogburns  Crossroads  eastward  along  the 
northern  county  line.  Another  ridge  of  similar  topography  reaches 
from  the  western  boundary  near  Oak  Shade  Church  through  Oak 
Ridge  to  Summerfield,  where  it  divides,  one  branch  extending  north¬ 
eastward  through  Scalesville  to  the  northern  boundary  and  the  other 
passing  eastward  through  Hildsdale  and  Browns  Summit  to  Osceola. 
Another  important  divide  characterized  by  smooth  to  gently  rolling 
topography  extends  from  the  western  county  line  near  Colfax  east¬ 
ward  through  Guilford  College,  Greensboro,  McLeansville,  and 
Gibsonville.  There  is  also  an  interstream  area  of  gently  rolling 
topography  in  the  southern  part  of  the  county  between  Vandalia 
and  Climax.  In  the  southeastern  part,  beginning  at  Climax  and 
including  Julian,  Pleasant  Church,  Bennetts  Store,  and  Lowes 
Church,  is  another  area  having  a  smooth  to  gently  rolling  surface. 
All  of  these  smoother  belts  of  country  vary  in  width  from  one-half 
mile  to  3  miles. 


16T 


168  FIELD  OPERATIONS  OF  THE  BUREAU  OF  SOILS,  1020. 


The  rolling,  strongly  roiling,  steep,  or  broken  topography  occurs 
along  the  slopes  and  around  the  heads  of  streams.  The  topography 
along  the  slopes  of  Haw  River,  Reedy  Fork,  North  Buffalo,  South 
Buffalo,  Big  Alamance,  and  Little  Alamance  Creeks  is  rolling  to 
strongly  rolling,  becoming  broken  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  county 
near  the  county  line.  In  the  southwestern  andi  southern  parts  of 
the  county  along  Deep  River,  and  Registers,  Polecat,  and  Stink 
Quarter  Creeks  the  topography  is  broken.  The  lowlands  along  the 
streams  have  a  level  surface.  In  general  the  slopes  leading  to  the 
streams  are  smooth  and  gentle,  but  in  a  few  places  they  are  steep 
or  blufflike. 

The  elevation  of  Guilford  County  ranges  from  about  TOO  feet  to 
about  900  feet  above  sea  level,  the  highest  elevations  occurring  in  the 
northwestern  and  southwestern  parts  and  the  lowest  in  the  eastern 
and  southern.  The  elevation  above  sea  level  at  Stokesdale  is  948 
feet,  Summerfield  881,  Browns  Summit  794,  Friendship  885,  Greens¬ 
boro  843,  McLeansville  744,  Gibsonville  721,  High  Point  937,  James¬ 
town  793,  Pleasant  Garden  836,  and  Climax  820  feet.  The  prevailing 
slope  of  the  land  is  eastward. 

The  county  is  drained  through  the  basins  of  Haw  River,  Reedy 
Fork,  North  Buffalo,  South  Buffalo,  Big  Alamance,  and  Little  Al¬ 
amance  Creeks,  and  Deep  River.  There  are  no  large  streams  iri>he 
county,  as  all  of  the  drainage  ways  have  their  source  in  the  county 
or  in  Forsyth  County  near  the  boundary  line.  Haw  River  crosses 
the  northwestern  and  extreme  northeastern  corners  of  the  county. 
Deep  River  rises  near  the  Forsyth  County  line  west  of  Colfax  and 
flows  southeast  into  Randolph  County.  The  other  important  streams 
all  flow  northeast  into  Alamance  County.  Smaller  creeks,  branches, 
and  intermittent  drainage  ways  connect  with  the  larger  streams  and 
give  the  county  a  comprehensive  drainage  system.  The  only  poorly 
drained  areas  occur  in  the  bottom  land;  the  rest  of  the  county  is 
well  drained. 

The  streams  are  nearly  all  sluggish,  but  by  the  construction  of 
dams  considerable  power  is  developed  for  the  running  of  roller  mills 
or  cotton  mills.  Hydroelectric  power  is  developed  in  a  small  way. 
It  is  possible  to  obtain  additional  water  power  along  many  of  the 
streams. 

Guilford  County  was  organized  in  1770  from  parts  of  Rowan  and 
Orange  Counties.  The  first  permanent  settlements  were  made  about 
1749.  The  early  settlers  were  English,  Scotch-Irish,  and  Germans. 
English  Quakers  settled  first  in  the  western  part  of  the  county,  the 
Scotch-Irish  located  in  the  central  part,  and  the  Germans  in  the 
eastern  part.  The  present  population  consists  of  descendants  of  the 
early  settlers,  together  with  later  accessions  from  Virginia  and  near¬ 
by  counties  within  the  State.  The  rural  population  is  fairly  evenly 


SOIL  SURVEY  OF  GUILFORD  COUNTY,  NORTH  CAROLINA.  169 

distributed)  over  the  county.  The  population  of  the  county,  accord¬ 
ing  to  the  1920  census,  is  79,272,  of  which  56.9  per  cent  is  classed  as 
rural.  The  colored  population  is  relatively  small. 

Greensboro,  with  a  population  of  19,861,  is  the  county  seat  and 
largest  town.  It  is  situated  nearly  in  the  center  of  the  county. 
Proximity,  Revolution,  and  White  Oak,  near  the  city  limits  of 
Greensboro,  are  important  centers  for  the  manufacture  of  cotton 
goods.  Pomona,  about  2  miles  west  of  Greensboro,  is  an  important 
cotton-manufacturing  town.  Terra  Cotta,  adjacent  to  Pomona,  is 
important  in  the  manufacture  of  clay  tile  and  piping.  High  Point, 
the  second  largest  town  in  the  county,  with  a  population  of  14,302, 
is  situated  in  the  southwestern  part.  It  is  the  seat  of  a  number  of 
plants  manufacturing  furniture.  Gibsonville,  with  a  population  of 
1,302,  is  located  in  the  eastern  part  on  the  Alamance  County  line,  and 
is  notable  for  the  manufacture  of  cotton  goods.  Other  small  towns 
and  villages  are  Stokesdale,  Summerfield,  Browns  Summit,  Guilford 
College,  Oak  Ridge,  Jamestown,  Pleasant  Garden,  Climax,  Julian, 
and  Kimesville.  Most  of  these  are  located  on  railroads  and  are  local 
trading  places. 

The  railroad  transportation  facilities  of  the  county  are  good.  The 
main  line  of  the  Southern  Railway  crosses  the  county  in  a  northeast- 
southwest  direction,  passing  through  Greensboro  and  High  Point. 
Another  line  of  the  Southern  Railway  crosses  the  county  east  and 
west.  The  Atlantic  &  Yadkin  Railway  traverses  the  county  in  a 
northwest-southeast,  direction,  passing  through  Greensboro,  and  two 
lines  of  this  railroad  extend  from  Stokesdale  and  Climax.  A  branch 
of  the  Southern  Railway  extends  south  from  High  Point,  and  the 
Carolina  &  Yadkin  River  Railway  extends  southwest  from  High 
Point. 

The  county  roads  of  Guilford  County  are  only  fair.  Many  of  them 
are  ordinary  dirt  roads  which  are  fairly  good  in  summer  and  fall. 
There  are  several  miles  of  sand-clay  roads  which  are  kept  in  good 
repair  throughout  the  year.  The  macadam  roads  radiating  from 
Greensboro  in  practically  all  directions  were  constructed  several  years 
ago  and  in  places  are  considerably  worn.  Some  of  the  old  macadam 
bases  have  been  surfaced  either  with  tar  and  gravel  or  a  sand-clay 
mixture.  There  are  several  improved  asphalt  roads;  the  most  im¬ 
portant  one  leads  from  Greensboro  to  High  Point;  another  leads 
from  Greensboro  to  Guilford,  being  a  part  of  the  Greensboro-Win- 
st on- Salem  highway.  An  asphalt  road  from  Greensboro  to  McLeans- 
ville  is  under  construction.  On  December  14,  1920,  the  voters  of  the 
county  authorized  a  $2,000,000  bond  issue  for  the  purpose  of  building 
improved  roads.  The  money  thus  raised  will  probably  be  spent 
largely  for  hard-surfaced  highways  and  some  of  it  for  the  improve¬ 
ment  of  lateral  roads. 


170  FIELD  OPERATIONS  OF  THE  BUREAU  OF  SOILS,  1920. 


All  sections  of  the  county  are  served  with  rural  mail  routes,  and 
telephone  service  is  available  in  nearly  all  parts.  Many  schools  and 
churches  are  located  at  convenient  places  throughout  the  county. 
Several  schools  of  higher  learning  are  located  in  the  county.  The 
North  Carolina  College  for  Women  and  the  Greensboro  College  are 
located  at  Greensboro.  Guilford  College  is  6  miles  west  of  Greens¬ 
boro.  The  Farm  Life  School  is  located  at  Jamestown.  Preparatory 
schools  are  located  at  Oak  Ridge,  Lambeth,  Pleasant  Garden,  and 
Whitsett.  The  Agricultural  and  Technical  School  for  colored  is 
situated  at  Greensboro. 

Greensboro  and  High  Point  are  the  chief  markets  for  the  farm 
products  of  the  county  except  tobacco.  Tobacco  is  marketed  at 
Winston-Salem,  Reidsville,  Danville,  Burlington,  and  Greensboro. 

CLIMATE. 

The  following  table  gives  the  normal  monthly,  seasonal,  and  annual 
temperature  and  precipitation  at  Greensboro : 


Normal  monthly,  seasonal,  and  annual  temperature  and  precipitation  at 

Greensboro. 


[Elevation,  843  feet.] 


Month. 

Temperature. 

Precipitation. 

Mean. 

Absolute 

maxi¬ 

mum. 

Absolute 

Mini¬ 

mum. 

Mean. 

Total 
amount 
for  the 
driest 
year. 
(1898). 

Total 
amount 
for  the 
wettest 
year. 
(1893). 

Snow, 

average 

depth. 

o  F 

°  F. 

°  F. 

Inches. 

Inches. 

Inches. 

Inches. 

December . 

40.8 

74 

7 

3. 65 

2.67 

3.50 

0.5 

January . 

40.3 

78 

3 

3. 15 

1.96 

2.80 

1.4 

February . 

40.8 

78 

-3 

4. 05 

.76 

5. 70 

3.1 

Winter . 

40.6 

78 

-3 

10.85 

5. 39 

12.00 

5.0 

March . 

50.1 

93 

14 

4.52 

4.42 

1.60 

1.4 

April . 

58.0 

92 

26 

3.28 

2. 68 

2.80 

.2 

May . 

68.1 

100 

33 

4. 08 

6. 35 

6.60 

.0 

Spring . 

58.7 

100 

14 

11.88 

13. 45 

11.00 

1.6 

June . 

75.0 

104 

45 

5.09 

2.94 

4. 92 

.0 

July . 

78.0 

104 

53 

4.59 

2.71 

2. 46 

.0 

August . 

76.5 

101 

52 

5. 43 

3. 30 

10. 75 

.0 

Summer . 

76.5 

104 

45 

15.11 

8. 95 

18. 13 

.0 

September . 

70.9 

101 

40 

3. 17 

2. 30 

6. 55 

.  .0 

October . 

60.2 

91 

26 

3. 13 

5. 34 

8. 78 

T. 

November . 

48.6 

82 

12 

2.64 

2. 45 

1.55 

.2 

Fall . 

59.9 

101 

12 

8.94 

10.09 

16.88 

.2 

Year . 

58.8 

104 

-3 

46.  78 

37.88 

58. 01 

6.8 

SOIL  SURVEY  OF  GUILFORD  COUNTY,  NORTH  CAROLINA.  171 

According  to  the  records  of  the  Weather  Bureau  station  at  Greens¬ 
boro,  the  mean  annual  rainfall  in  Guilford  County  is  46.78  inches, 
which  is  sufficient  for  the  crops  commonly  grown.  The  heaviest  rain¬ 
fall  occurs  in  the  summer,  with  an  average  of  15.11  inches.  The 
lightest  rainfall  comes  in  the  fall,  with  an  average  of  8.94  inches. 
The  average  fall  of  snow  for  the  year  is  6.8  inches.  Snowfalls  are 
light  and  remain  on  the  ground  only  a  few  days. 

The  mean  annual  temperature  is  58.8°  F.,  and  the  mean  for  the 
summer  is  76.5°  F.  The  earliest  killing  frost  in  the  fall  occurred  on 
October  11,  and  the  latest  in  the  spring  on  April  26.  The  average 
date  of  the  first  killing  frost  in  the  fall  is  October  25  and  the  average 
date  of  the  last  killing  frost  in  the  spring  is  April  7.  The  average 
growing  season  is  201  days,  which  is  sufficient  for  most  crops. 

Owing  to  the  relatively  high  elevation  and  rolling  topography, 
Guilford  County  has  a  healthful  climate.  Numerous  deep  wells  and 
springs  furnish  an  abundant  supply  of  good  drinking  water. 

AGRICULTURE. 

Agriculture  in  Guilford  County  began  before  the  Revolutionary 
War.  At  first  it  was  confined  largely  to  the  rich  lowlands  along 
the  streams,  and  consisted  of  the  production  of  wheat,  corn,  buck¬ 
wheat,  flax,  and  cotton,  with  fruit  and  live  stock  of  minor  import¬ 
ance.  Fayetteville  was  the  chief  market  in  the  earlier  days,  and  the 
surplus  products  were  exchanged  at  this  place  for  sugar,  coffee, 
molasses,  and  other  necessaries.  Just  prior  to  the  Civil  War  a  rail¬ 
road  was  built  across  the  county,  opening  up  markets  both  north 
and  south. 

Just  after  the  Civil  War  larger  plows  and  other  improved  farm 
implements  were  introduced.  About  1872  a  tobacco  warehouse  and 
a  factory  were  opened  at  Winston,  and  about  the  same  time  the  pro¬ 
duction  of  tobacco  as  a  cash  crop  was  begun  in  the  county. 

By  1879  the  important  crops  of  the  county  were  corn,  wheat,  oats, 
hay,  tobacco,  and  cotton.  The  census  of  1880  shows  that  in  1879 
there  were  39,790  acres  planted  to  corn,  yielding  519,185  bushels  ; 

!  27,743  acres  in  wheat,  producing  127,214  bushels;  20,774  acres  in 
oats,  giving  129,723  bushels ;  8,004  acres  devoted  to  hay  crops,  pro¬ 
ducing  7,017  tons;  910  acres  in  tobacco,  yielding  422,716  pounds; 

1  and  283  acres  planted  to  cotton,  producing  114  bales. 

*  In  1889,  according  to  the  1890  census,  there  were  34,598  acres  in 
com,  producing  415,916  bushels;  28,183  acres  in  wheat,  yielding 
i  171,389  bushels;  14,969  acres  in  oats,  yielding  112,155  bushels;  10, <69 
acres  in  hay  crops,  cutting  10,909  tons;  2,517  acres  devoted  to  to¬ 
bacco.  yielding  918,723  pounds;  and  428  acres  planted  to  cotton,  pro- 

ducing  135  bales. 

4519°— 23 - 2 


172  FIELD  OPERATIONS  OF  THE  BUREAU  OF  SOILS,  1920. 


In  1899  there  were  43,728  acres  planted  to  corn,  producing  657,530 
bushels ;  28,086  acres  in  wheat,  yielding  174,030  bushels ;  9,431  acres 
in  oats,  producing  77,070  bushels;  8,079  acres  in  hay  crops,  yielding 
9,009  tons;  982  acres  of  grain  cut  green,  yielding  1,232  tons  of  hay; 
5,095  acres  planted  to  tobacco,  producing  2,862,420  pounds;  and  854 
acres  in  cotton,  yielding  320  bales.  The  notable  change  during  the 
period  between  1889  and  1899  was  the  increase  in  the  acreage  of 
tobacco,  which  nearly  doubled. 

In  1909,  according  to  the  1910  census,  41,508  acres  were  planted  to 
corn,  producing  624,027  bushels ;  22,556  acres  were  in  wheat,  yielding 
198,938  bushels;  6,279  acres  in  oats,  producing  81,685  bushels;  710 
acres  in  rye,  yielding  4,983  bushels;  7,145  acres  devoted  to  tame  and 
wild  grasses,  cutting  7,941  tons  of  hay ;  5,179  acres  in  grain  cut  green, 
producing  4,873  tons;  5,052  acres  planted  to  tobacco,  giving  2,798,325 
pounds;  and  1,078  acres  devoted  to  cotton,  yielding  401  bales.  A 
remarkable  increase  in  grains  cut  green  is  shown  by  a  comparison  of 
this  census  with  that  of  10  years  before.  In  other  crops  the  differ¬ 
ences  are  slight. 

The  agriculture  of  Guilford  County  at  present  consists  in  the  pro¬ 
duction  of  corn  and  wheat  as  the  important  subsistence  crops  and 
tobacco  as  the  strictly  cash  crop.  Some  of  the  wheat  and  corn  is 
sold.  Oats,  rye,  hay,  and  green  grains  are  grown  as  feed  for  work 
stock  and  cattle.  Cotton  is  produced  in  the  extreme  southeastern 
part  of  the  county  as  a  cash  crop. 

Corn  is  the  most  important  crop  in  point  of  acreage,  being  grown 
on  37,740  acres  in  1919,  with  a  production  of  582,029  bushels.  It  is 
grown  in  all  sections  of  the  county.  Most  of  the  crop  is  used  on  the 
farm ;  the  rest  is  sold  at  the  local  mills.  On  many  of  the  farms,  espe¬ 
cially  where  tobacco  is  growrn,  corn  is  not  produced  in  sufficient 
quantities  to  supply  home  needs. 

Wheat  is  the  second  crop  of  importance  in  respect  to  acreage.  In 
1919  it  occupied  23,614  acres,  with  a  yield  of  205,893  bushels.  It  is 
grown  generally  over  the  county.  The  crop  is  grown  mainly  for 
home  consumption,  but  part  of  it  is  sold  in  the  local  markets. 

Hay  is  an  important  crop  in  this  county  and  is  produced  on  nearly 
all  farms.  Both  wild  and  tame  grasses  are  cut.  The  tame  grasses 
consist  largely  of  clover,  but  orchard  grass,  tall  oat  grass,  and 
herd’s  grass  are  mixed  with  red  clover  to  some  extent.  Wild  grasses 
are  cut  mainly  on  poorly  drained  bottom  lands.  Considerable  pea- 
vine  and  soy-bean  hay  is  cut,  and  much  grain  is  cut  green  for  feed. 
The  hay  production,  together  with  fodder,  silage,  and  oats,  is  reliably 
stated  to  be  practically  sufficient  for  the  needs  of  the  county,  and  it 
is  not  necessary  to  import  much  of  such  feeds  from  outside  sources. 

Tobacco  is  the  main  cash  crop.  It  is  grown  in  nearly  all  sections 
of  the  county.  In  1919  it  was  grown  on  9,129  acres,  almost  twice 


SOIL  SURVEY  OF  GUILFORD  COUNTY,  NORTH  CAROLINA.  173 

the  acreage  10  years  earlier.  The  crop  is  sold  at  Winston-Salem, 
Keidsville,  Danville  (Va.),  Burlington,  and  Greensboro.  Cotton  is 
the  minor  cash  crop  of  the  county.  Most  of  it  is  ginned  and  shipped 
at  Climax. 

Practically  every  farm  produces  garden  vegetables,  Irish  potatoes, 
sweet  potatoes,  saccharine  sorghum,  and  small  quantities  of  apples, 
peaches,  pears,  cherries,  grapes,  and  plums.  These  are  produced 
chiefly  for  home  use,  but  small  quantities  of  them  are  sold  in  local 
markets.  There  are  a  few  commercial  peach  orchards  in  the  county. 
Nurseries  are  located  in  the  vicinity  of  Greensboro  for  the  production 
of  fruit-tree  stock,  shrubbery,  and  flowers. 

Hogs  and  cattle  are  well  distributed  over  the  county.  Each  farm 
has  from  2  to  10  hogs  and  from  2  to  6  milk  cows,  which  supply  pork, 
milk,  and  butter  for  home  use  and  for  sale  in  small  quantities  in  the 
local  markets.  A  creamery  and  pasteurizing  station  at  Greensboro 
utilizes  large  quantities  of  milk  produced  on  the  farms.  Ice-cream 
factories  at  Greensboro  and  High  Point  also  use  large  quantities  of 
milk  from  farms  and  dairies.  Considerable  dairying  is  carried  on 
in  the  vicinity  of  Greensboro  and  High  Point.  The  fodder,  silage, 
and  a  large  part  of  the  grain  produced  on  the  farms  are  used  for 
feeding  the  dairy  cattle  during  the  winter,  while  the  lowlands  along 
many  of  the  streams  furnish  summer  pasturage.  There  is  not  enough 
dairying  to  supply  local  demands,  and  large  quantities  of  butter 
and  condensed  milk  are  brought  in.  The  feeding  of  cattle  is  prac¬ 
ticed  to  a  small  extent,  and  beef  is  sold  in  the  local  markets.  Large 
quantities  of  beef  and  pork  are  obtained  from  outside  sources.  There 
are  three  or  four  herds  of  purebred  cattle  in  the  county,  and  occa¬ 
sionally  a  purebred  sire  is  introduced.  On  a  few  farms  from  20  to 
50  hogs  are  raised  and  sold  as  breeding  stock.  The  hogs  are  of 
the  Duroc- Jersey  or  Berkshire  breeds. 

Chickens  are  kept  on  every  farm,  and  large  quantities  of  eggs 
and  poultry  are  sold  on  the  local  markets,  but  the  supply  is  not 
sufficient  to  meet  the  local  demand. 

The  farmers  of  Guilford  County  recognize  that  the  Cecil  sandy 
loam,  Appling  sandy  loam,  Durham  fine  sandy  loam,  and  Wilkes 
sandy  loam,  smooth  phase,  are  best  suited  to  tobacco,  and  the  David¬ 
son  clay  loam,  Cecil  clay  loam,  and  Mecklenburg  loam  are  better 
adapted  to  wheat,  corn,  and  clover.  The  Cecil  sandy  loam  and 
Appling  sandy  loam  are  also  considered  good  corn  soils.  The  Wilkes 
sandy  loam,  Iredell  loam,  and  Iredell  fine  sandy  loam  are  recognized 
as  inferior  soils. 

Corn  land  is  broken  in  the  late  fall,  or  in  the  spring,  if  the  crop 
is  to  folloAV  a  winter  cover  crop.  The  seed  is  planted  in  April,  and 
the  crop  is  given  2  to  5  flat  cultivations.  The  corn  is  cut  and 
shocked  in  the  field,  and  at  convenient  times  is  shucked  or  shredded. 


174  FIELD  OPERATIONS  OF  THE  BUREAU  OF  SOILS,  1920. 

Some  farmers  pull  the  fodder  and  cut  the  tops,  later  hauling  the  corn 
to  the  barnyard  to  be  husked. 

Wheat  land  is  broken  in  August  and  is  later  prepared  for  seeding. 
The  grain  is  usually  sown  by  the  10th  of  October.  Sometimes  clover 
is  sown  with  the  wheat,  or  wheat  is  sown  on  clover  sod.  The  crop 
is  harvested  in  June  and  shocked  in  the  field  or  stored  in  buildings, 
and  is  threshed  later. 

Tobacco  land  is  broken  either  in  the  fall  or  spring,  depending  upon 
whether  or  not  there  is  a  cover  crop.  Tobacco  is  sown  in  January 
in  carefully  prepared  beds.  The  plants  are  transplanted  between 
April  15  and  May  15,  on  ground  prepared  by  harrowing  or  by  break¬ 
ing  the  crust  with  hand  hoes.  The  plants  are  cultivated  2  to  5  times, 
and  suckers  are  carefully  removed.  Especial  care  is  taken  to  keep 
the  fields  free  from  grass  and  weeds.  The  tobacco  usually  begins 
to  ripen  the  latter  part  of  July.  It  is  either  cut  and  cured  or  primed 
as  it  ripens  and  cured.  The  latter  method  is  more  common,  as  better 
cures  are  obtained.  Specially  constructed  barns  are  used  for  curing. 
After  the  tobacco  is  cured,  it  is  usually  graded  and  bundled  for 
marketing.  Considerable  skill  and  experience  are  required  to  grow 
tobacco  successfully  and  to  get  the  best  returns  in  marketing  the  crop. 

The  farm  houses  are  usually  large  and  substantial.  The  tenant 
houses  are  small.  The  barns  are  large  enough  to  house  the  crops  that 
require  storage.  Generally  there  are  several  outbuildings  for  stor¬ 
age  or  shelter.  Corncribs  are  usually  built  separately  near  the  barns. 
Some  farms  have  large  improved  barns  with  sufficient  room  for  all 
the  farm  products,  stock,  and  implements. 

Pastures  are  usually  fenced  with  barbed  wire  and  hog  lots  with 
woven  wire.  Most  of  the  cultivated  fields  are  not  fenced.  The 
farm  machinery  generally  consists  of  2-horse  to  4-horse  turning  and 
disk  plows,  disk  or  straight-toothed  harrows,  riding  or  walking 
cultivators,  rollers,  mowing  machines,  hayrakes,  stalk  cutters,  reap¬ 
ers,  and  binders.  A  number  of  farmers  have  tractors  for  breaking 
and  cultivating.  Threshing  machines  operate  in  various  communi¬ 
ties  when  the  wheat  is  harvested.  The  work  stock  consists  of 
horses  and  mules  in  about  equal  numbers. 

No  general  system  of  crop  rotation  is  in  common  use.  On  the 
heavy  soils  some  of  the  farmers  sow  red  clover  in  the  wheat  in  the 
spring.  The  clover  stands  two  years,  and  is  followed  by  corn  or 
wheat,  and  then  red  clover.  On  the  lighter  or  sandy  soils  tobacco 
and  rye  are  alternated.  Sometimes  tobacco  and  crimson  clover  are 
grown  in  alternate  years.  A  common  rotation  for  the  sandy  soils 
is  corn  one  year,  followed  by  wheat,  then  cowpeas  or  soy  beans, 
and  the  following  year  tobacco  or  corn.  Many  of  the  farmers  plant 
wheat  or  corn  on  clover  sod,  and  others  broadcast  cowpeas  in  the 
com  at  the  last  cultivation. 


SOTL  SURVEY  OF  GUILFORD  COUNTY,  NORTH  CAROLINA.  175 

Commercial  or  mixed  fertilizers  are  used  generally  over  the 
county.  The  amount  spent  in  1919  for  fertilizer  was  $243,879. 
Most  of  the  fertilizer  is  used  for  corn,  wheat,  and  tobacco.  Corn 
is  generally  fertilized  with  200  to  500  pounds  per  acre  of  acid  phos¬ 
phate  and  cottonseed  meal,  or  an  8-4T-01  or  12-T-O  fertilizer  mixed 
with  cottonseed  meal.  Some  farmers  apply  200  to  500  pounds  per 
acre  of  8-2-2  fertilizer  to  corn.  Wheat  following  clover  is  usually 
given  an  application  of  200  to  300  pounds  of  acid  phosphate.  Some 
farmers  apply  200  to  400  pounds  per  acre  of  an  8-2-2  or  other  low- 
grade  fertilizer  to  wheat  land.  For  corn  and  wheat  land  many 
farmers  apply  about  100  pounds  of  nitrate  of  soda  per  acre.  To¬ 
bacco  land  is  given  an  acreage  application  of  500  to  1,000  pounds 
of  various  grades  of  fertilizer,  and  some  farmers  supplement  the 
complete  fertilizer  with  200  to  300  pounds  per  acre  of  cottonseed 
meal.  Cotton  land  receives  about  300  pounds  per  acre  of  8-3-3 
fertilizer.  Lime  is  being  introduced  for  wheat,  corn,  and  clover 
lands.  The  applications  range  from  1  to  2  tons  per  acre.  Stable 
manure  is  applied  to  the  land  when  available,  and  green-manuring 
crops  are  plowed  under  by  many  of  the  farmers. 

Most  of  the  farm  labor  in  the  county  is  white,  although  a  small 
proportion  is  colored.  Farm  labor  is  scarce,  and  in  some  sections 
is  not  available  at  all.  The  price  paid  for  farm  help  is  $30  to  $50 
a  month  and  the  use  of  a  house,  or  $1.50  to  $2  a  day  and  board. 
Women  and  children  help  harvest  the  tobacco  crop.  Many  of  the 
farmers  exchange  labor.  In  1919  the  outlay  for  farm  labor  in  the 
county  was  $183,036.  Only  497  farms,  or  about  12  per  cent  of  the 
total  number,  reported  an  expenditure  for  labor. 

Farms  in  Guilford  County  range  in  size  from  25  to  200  acres. 
The  average  size  is  about  100  acres.  Some  individual  holdings  con¬ 
tain  1,000  to  3,000  acres  or  more,  but  most  of  this  land  is  uncultivated. 
A  large  acreage  in  the  southern  half  of  the  county  is  leased  by  north¬ 
ern  hunters  as  game  preserves,  but  the  land  thus  leased  can  be  farmed. 

In  1919  there  were  4,021  farms2  in  the  county,  according  to  the 
census.  Of  this  number  74  per  cent  were  operated  by  the  owners, 
25.1  per  cent  by  tenants,  and  0.9  per  cent  by  managers.  Under  the 
share  system  the  tenant  furnishes  everything  except  one-fourth  of 
the  fertilizer,  and  receives  three-fourths  of  the  farm  products.  When 
the  landlord  furnishes  everything  except  one-half  of  the  fertilizer, 
the  tenant  receives  one-half  of  the  farm  products. 

Farm  lands  in  Guilford  County  sell  for  $40  to  $200  an  acre,  averag¬ 
ing  about  $100  an  acre.  Land  values  depend  upon  soil  adaptation, 
state  of  improvement,  and  location  with  reference  to  good  roads,  rail¬ 
roads,  markets,  schools,  and  churches.  _ 


1  Percentages  of  phosphoric  acid,  nitrogen,  and  potash, 

a  In  the  census  each  tenancy  is  enumerated  as  a  farm. 


176  FIELD  OPERATIONS  OF  THE  BUREAU  OF  SOILS,  1920. 


SOILS.3 

Guilford  County  lies  within  the  Piedmont  Plateau  section  of  the 
State,  and  all  of  the  upland  soils  are  derived  from  the  underlying 
rock  formations.  These  formations  vary  in  their  chemical  and 
physical  properties,  and  the  resultant  soils  also  vary  greatly  in  their 
characteristics. 

The  soils  of  this  county  are  prevailingly  light  in  color,  ranging 
from  light  gray  or  yellowish  gray  to  red.  The  soils  are  dominantly 
low  in  organic  matter.  Conditions  have  not  favored  accumulation 
of  vegetable  matter,  as  the  region  had  been  forested  for  a  long 
time  prior  to  clearing,  and  the  character  of  farming  has  not 
tended  to  increase  the  supply  of  this  soil  constituent.  In  the  for¬ 
ested  area  there  is  a  normally  noticeable  amount  of  organic  matter 
in  the  first  inch  or  two  of  the  soil,  but  little  is  incorporated  in  the  soil 
below  this  shallow  upper  layer.  This  is  a  general  characteristic  of 
forested  soils. 

Another  common  feature  of  the  soils  in  this  part  of  the  country 
is  the  absence  of  free  carbonates.  In  the  soil-forming  processes  the 
lime  and  other  carbonates  have  not  accumulated  in  the  soil,  although 
the  rocks  from  which  these  soils  are  derived  contained  lime.  The 
absence  of  accumulations  of  carbonates  is  due  to  the  climate,  par¬ 
ticularly  the  heavy  rainfall,  combined  with  good  drainage,  conditions 
that  promote  leaching.  The  soils  are  not  decidedly  acid  in  char¬ 
acter,  but  they  respond  to  liberal  applications  of  lime.  The  Iredell 
and  the  Mecklenburg  soils  show  a  high  percentage  of  lime,  but  it  is 
probably  locked  up  in  the  form  of  silicates  and  is  not  readily  avail¬ 
able  for  plant  use.  In  this  county  the  soils  vary  greatly  in  texture; 
that  is,  there  are  extensive  areas  of  light  sandy  surface  soils,  areas 
of  sandy  loams,  and  large  areas  of  red  clay  land.  These  differences 
are  readily  recognized. 

The  soils  of  this  county  differ  not  only  in  color,  texture,  and  struc¬ 
ture,  but  also  in  their  chemical  composition.  The  chemical  analyses 
of  similar  soils  in  Mecklenburg  and  Union  Counties,  as  published 
by  the  North  Carolina  Department  of  Agriculture  in  a  report  on 
the  Piedmont  soils  of  the  State,  show  that  the  various  types  of  soil 
contain  widely  different  amounts  of  the  elements  of  plant  food.  All 
of  the  soils  in  Guilford  County  are  low  in  nitrogen  and  phosphoric 
acid,  regardless  of  color  or  texture  of  the  soil.  The  Cecil  types  are 

3  Guilford  County  joins  Alamance  County  on  the  east,  and  the  soils  do  not  join  be¬ 
cause  Alamance  County  was  surveyed  in  1901  and  the  classification  of  soils  has  been 
considerably  changed  since  then.  The  Wilkes  sandy  loam  is  mapped  against  the  Dur¬ 
ham  sandy  loam  of  Randolph  County  and  also  against  the  Durham  sandy  loam  of 
Davidson  County  ;  and  the  Appling  sandy  loam  is  mapped  against  the  Cecil  fine  sandy 
loam  in  Randolph  County.  These  differences  are  due  to  a  better  understanding  of  the 
soils  of  the  State. 


Soil  survey  of  guilford  county,  north  Carolina.  177 

high  in  potash  and  low  in  lime.  Some  of  these  soils  nave  a  potash 
content  of  1  to  almost  3  per  cent.  The  Iredell  and  Mecklenburg 
soils  have  a  rather  low  potash  content,  but  a  lime  content  of  2  to  4 
per  cent.  The  Davidson  clay  loam,  somewhat  similar  in  general 
appearance  to  the  Cecil  clay  loam,  has  less  of  potash  than  the  Cecil, 
but  a  higher  lime  content.  The  Georgeville  soils  have  a  fairly  high 
potash  content  and  a  low  percentage  of  lime.  The  Durham  and 
Appling  soils  show  a  slightly  lower  percentage  of  potash  than  the 
Cecil  and  a  slightly  higher  lime  content.  The  Congaree  silt  loam, 
the  first-bottom  soil  of  the  county,  has  a  fairly  high  content  of  phos¬ 
phoric  acid,  about  1  per  cent  of  potash,  and  1  to  2  per  cent  of  lime. 

A  study  of  the  above  analyses  shows  that  nitrogen  and  phosphoric 
acid  are  the  two  essential  elements  needed  by  all  of  the  soil  of  Guil¬ 
ford  County.  The  high  potash  content  of  the.Cecil  soils  enables  them 
to  produce  good  crops  without  the  addition  of  any  or  very  little 
potash,  except,  of  course,  for  special  crops  like  tobacco  or  Irish 
potatoes.  Some  of  the  field  experiments  carried  on  by  the  North 
Carolina  Department  of  Agriculture  show  that  a  complete  fertilizer 
applied  in  ordinary  quantities  on  Cecil  soils  does  not  give  a  noticeable 
increase  in  yields  over  the  application  of  nitrogen  and  phosphoric 
acid.  This  will  also  apply  to  the  Georgeville  and  Appling  soils. 
For  the  Iredell  and  Mecklenburg  soils,  which  the  analyses  show  to 
be  deficient  in  potash,  kainit  is  highly  recommended.  It  has  a  ten¬ 
dency  to  prevent  the  “  f renching  ”  of  corn  and  the  “  rusting  ”  of  cot¬ 
ton.  The  Davidson  clay  loam  will  probably  respond  to  the  addition  of 
potash.  The  Congaree  silt  loam  is  a  good,  well-balanced  soil,  which 
will  produce  good  yields  without  the  use  of  fertilizers. 

On  the  basis  of  mode  of  formation  the  soils  of  the  county  are 
divided  into  twTo  general  groups:  (l)Residual  soils,  or  those  de¬ 
rived  directly  from  the  underlying  rock  formations,  and  (2)  alluvial 
soils,  or  those  laid  down  by  overflow  waters  along  stream  courses. 
The  alluvial  soils  occupy  only  a  small  part  of  the  total  area  of  the 
county. 

The  rocks  are  arranged  in  four  groups:  (1)  Granite,  gneiss,  and 
granite  schist.  These  are  acidic  rocks,  and  the  mineral  components 
are  quartz,  feldspar,  hornblende,  and  mica.  The  rocks  are  light  in 
color  and  weight,  and  the  textures  range  from  coarse  to  fine  grained. 

(2) Diorite,  diabase,  and  gabbro.  These  are  basic  rocks  and  are  com¬ 
posed  of  labradorite,  biotite,  olivine,  and  augite.  The  rocks  are 
dark  in  color  and  heavy,  and  the  textures  are  medium  to  fine  grained. 

(3)  Pegmatite  granite  and  gneiss.  The  rocks  composing  this  group 
are  either  medium  to  coarse  grained  granite  or  light-colored  gneiss 

;  cut  by  dikes  of  diorite  or  dark  olivine  rock.  The  dikes  vary  in  width 
from  1  to  6  feet  and  cut  the  granite  at  intervals  of  6  to  10  feet.  In 


178  FIELD  OPERATIONS  OF  THE  BUREAU  OF  SOILS,  1920. 


places  where  the  formation  is  exposed  the  rock  appears  to  be 
stratified.  (4)  Slate  of  the  Carolina  Slate  belt.  This  is  a  light- 
colored,  fine-grained  rock  composed  of  feldspar,  hornblende,  mica, 
and  quartz. 

The  granite  and  gneiss  formations  underlie  most  of  the  northern 
half  of  the  county.  The  southern  limit  of  the  granite  and  gneiss 
belt  extends  from  the  western  county  line  near  the  Davidson-Forsyth 
corner  northeastward  to  Friendship  and  Kirkmans  Store,  then  east¬ 
ward  past  Mount  Pisgah  Church  and  Glenwood  School  to  the  eastern 
boundary  near  Shepherd  School.  The  rocks  of  the  diorite,  diabase, 
and  gabbro  group  occur  as  dikes  and  intrusions  in  the  southern  half 
of  the  county  and  to  a  minor  extent  in  the  northeastern  part.  The 
pegmatite  granite  and  gneiss  group  is  confined  largely  to  the  south¬ 
ern  half  of  the  county.  Rocks  of  the  slate  group  are  found  imme¬ 
diately  south  of  High  Point  in  small  areas  along  the  southern 
boundary  and  between  Mount  Hope  Church  and  the  eastern  bound¬ 
ary.  In  general  the  rock  formations  in  the  northern  part  of  the 
county  are  uniform  and  in  the  southern  part  are  considerably  mixed. 

Through  the  process  of  weathering  the  various  rocks  have  been 
changed  into  soils.  Upon  the  basis  of  differences  in  color  and  struc¬ 
ture  the  soils  have  been  grouped  into  series.  The  series  are  divided 
into  soil  types  on  the  basis  of  differences  in  texture.  The  soils  of  the 
county  derived  from  granite  and  gneiss  have  been  classed  in  the 
Cecil,  Durham,  and  Appling  series.  The  soils  derived  from  diorite, 
diabase,  or  gabbro  are  classed  with  the  Davidson,  Mecklenburg,  and 
Iredell  series.  Soils  formed  from  pegmatite  granite  and  gneiss  are 
classed  in  the  Wilkes  series,  and  those  from  slates  in  the  Georgeville 
series.  The  alluvial  soils  along  the  streams  are  included  in  the  Con- 
garee  series  and  Meadow. 

The  surface  soils  of  the  sandy  types  of  the  Cecil  series  are  gray 
to  brownish.  The  surface  soils  of  the  heavier  types  are  brown  to 
red,  and  are  locally  called  “  red  clay  land.”  The  subsoil  is  a  light- 
red  clay  of  a  hard,  rather  compact,  but  brittle  structure  when  dry. 
A  characteristic  feature  of  the  subsoil  is  the  presence  of  white,  sharp 
quartz  particles,  and  occasional  veins  of  quartz  and  mica  flakes 
also  are  commonly  present.  The  series  is  represented  in  Guilford 
County  by  three  types — the  sandy  loam,  the  loam,  and  the  clay  loam. 

The  types  of  the  Durham  series  are  characterized  by  the  gray  or 
yellowish-gray  to  whitish  color  of  the  surface  soils,  and  a  yellow  sub¬ 
surface  layer.  The  subsoil  is  a  compact  but  friable  clay,  carrying  a 
noticeable  amount  of  angular  quartz  sand.  Mica  scales  are  normally 
present,  but  not  in  sufficient  quantities  to  affect  the  structure  of  the 
subsoil.  The  soils  are  derived  from  light-colored  and  usually  rather 
coarse-grained  granite  and  gneiss,  consisting  principally  of  quartz 


SOIL  SURVEY  OF  GUILFORD  COUNTY,  NORTH  CAROLINA.  179 

and  feldspar  with  some  mica,  and  generally  having  a  lower  per¬ 
centage  of  the  iron-bearing  minerals  than  the  rocks  giving  rise  to 
the  Cecil  series.  Two  types  of  the  Durham  series  are  mapped  in 
the  county,  the  coarse  sandy  loam  and  the  fine  sandy  loam. 

The  types  of  the  Appling  series  have  gray  or  grayish-brown  to 
yellow  surface  soils  and  a  mottled  or  streaked  yellow  and  red,  yel¬ 
lowish-red,  reddish-yellow,  or  yellowish-brown  subsoil  of  moder¬ 
ately  compact  but  usually  friable  structure.  In  places  the  upper  part 
of  the  subsoil  has  a  deep-yellow  or  salmon-red  color  and  a  friable 
structure.  Grayish  or  bluish  colors  mark  the  subsoil  here  and  there. 
In  respect  to  color  of  the  subsoil  the  series  is  intermediate  between 
the  Durham  and  the  Cecil  series.  Three  types  of  the  Appling  series 
are  mapped  in  this  county — the  coarse  sandy  loam,  sandy  loam,  and 
fine  sandy  loam. 

The  surface  soils  of  types  of  the  Davidson  series  are  reddish 
brown,  dark  red,  or  chocolate  colored.  The  subsoil  is  dark  red  or 
maroon  red,  has  a  characteristically  friable  structure  and  smooth 
and  slightly  greasy  feel,  and  is  free  from  quartz  sand.  The  Davidson 
soils  are  closely  associated  with  types  of  the  Mecklenburg  and  Iredell 
series,  but  represent  material  that  has  reached  a  more  advanced  stage 
of  weathering.  The  clay  loam  of  the  Davidson  series  is  mapped  in 
the  county. 

The  surface  soils  of  types  of  the  Mecklenburg  series  are  brown  or 
grayish  brown  to  dull  reddish  brown.  The  subsoil  consists  of  yel¬ 
lowish-brown,  light-red,  or  ocherous,  sticky,  smooth  clay,  which 
usually  passes  into  the  disintegrated  greenish-yellow  diorite  rock 
within  the  3-foot  section.  The  soils  of  this  series  occupy  an  inter¬ 
mediate  position  with  respect  to  color  and  stage  of  weathering  be¬ 
tween  the  Davidson  and  Iredell  series.  The  Mecklenburg  series  is 
represented  in  this  county  by  one  type,  the  loam. 

The  surface  soils  of  types  of  the  Iredell  series  are  brown,  grayish 
brown,  or  dark  brown,  and  carry  iron  concretions  in  places.  The  sub¬ 
soil  is  a  brownish-yellow  to  greenish-yellow,  waxy,  impervious  clay, 
which  passes  into  greenish-yellow  disintegrated  rock  within  the  3-foot 
section.  Upon  exposure  to  the  atmosphere  the  subsoil  assumes  a 
rusty -brown  color,  cracks,  and  becomes  quite  hard.  The  Iredell  soils 
are  locally  called  “blackjack-oak  land,”  “beeswax  land,”  or  “pipe¬ 
clay  land.”  The  Iredell  series  is  represented  in  the  county  by  three 
types — the  sandy  loam,  fine  sandy  loam,  and  loam. 

The  Wilkes  series  is  composed  of  types  with  brownish-gray  to 
yellowish-gray  surface  soils.  The  subsoil  consists  of  yellowish  to 
brownish-yellow  or  mottled  red  and  yellow  sandy  clay  in  the  upper 
part  and  a  plastic,  sticky  clay  of  brownish-yellow  or  olive-green  color 

4519°— 23 - 3 


180  FIELD  OPERATIONS  OF  THE  BUREAU  OF  SOILS,  1020. 


in  the  lower  part.  In  many  places  the  upper  subsoil  resembles  the 
subsoil  of  the  Appling  or  Durham  series,  and  the  lower  part  resembles 
the  Iredell  subsoil.  The  Wilkes  soils  occur  in  close  association  with 
the  Appling,  Durham,  and  Iredell  soils,  but  are  generally  less  pro¬ 
ductive.  The  Wilkes  sandy  loam,  with  a  smooth  phase,  is  mapped 
in  Guilford  County. 

The  surface  soils  of  types  of  the  Georgeville  series  are  red  to  gray¬ 
ish,  and  the  subsoil  is  a  red,  moderately  friable,  but  brittle  silty  clay. 
The  soils  are  derived  from  slates  of  the  Carolina  Slate  belt.  Two 
types  of  the  Georgeville  series  are  mapped,  the  silt  loam  and  silty 
clay  loam. 

The  types  of  the  Congaree  series  are  characterized  by  the  brown  to 
reddish-brown  color  of  the  soil  and  subsoil,  there  being  compara¬ 
tively  little  change  in  the  texture,  color,  and  structure  from  the  sur¬ 
face  downward.  Mica  flakes  are  quite  noticeable  throughout  the  3- 
foot  section.  In  places  the  lower  subsoil  is  grayish  or  bluish,  or  is 
mottled  gray,  brown,  or  yellow.  The  material  is  washed  from  the 
soils  of  those  regions  where  the  parent  rocks  are  principally  granite, 
gneiss,  schist,  diabase,  diorite,  or  slate.  The  land  is  subject  to  over¬ 
flow.  Only  one  type  of  this  series  is  mapped  in  the  county,  the  silt 
loam. 

Meadow  (Congaree  material)  is  a  first-bottom  soil  which  is  so  vari¬ 
able  in  color  and  texture  that  it  can  not  be  separated  as  a  definite  soil 
type.  The  topography  is  level  to  gently  undulating,  and  the  drain¬ 
age  is  poor.  The  soil  is  subject  to  frequent  overflows. 

Seventeen  soil  types  and  Meadow  and  Rock  outcrop  are  recognized 
in  Guilford  County.  Their  extent  and  distribution  are  shown  on  the 
accompanying  soil  map,  and  descriptions  of  the  several  types  are 
given  in  the  following  pages  of  this  report.  The  table  below  gives 
the  actual  and  relative  extent  of  the  soils  of  the  county : 

Areas  of  different  soils. 


Soil. 


Wilkes  sandy  loam . 

Smooth  phase . 

Cecil  clay  loam . 

Appling  sandy  loam . 

Davidson  clay  loam . 

Cecil  sandy  loam . 

Mecklenburg  loam . 

Iredell  fine  sandy  loam. . . . 

Iredell  loam . 

Georgeville  silty  clay  loam 
Cecil  loam . 


Acres. 

Per 

cent. 

Soil. 

Acres. 

Per 

cent. 

53,312 

1  9K  9 

Congaree  silt  loam . 

9,664 

2.3 

51, 392 

Iredell  sandy  loam . 

6,080 

1.5 

80, 832 

19.3 

Meadow  (Congaree  material) . . . 

5,952 

1.4 

68,992 

16.6 

Appling  coarse  sandy  loam . 

4,864 

1.2 

28,416 

6.8 

Durham  fine  sandy  loam . 

4,864 

1.2 

23, 552 

5.7 

Appling  fine  sandy  loam . 

4,224 

1.0 

20, 096 

4.9 

Durham  coarse  sandy  loam . 

2,944 

.7 

13, 824 

3.3 

Georgeville  silt  loam . 

1,984 

.5 

12, 864 

3.1 

11,264 

2.7 

Total . 

416, 000 

10, 880 

2.6 

SOIL  SURVEY  OF  GUILFORD  COUNTY,  NORTH  CAROLINA.  181 


CECIL  SANDY  LOAM. 

In  virgin  areas  the  surface  soil  of  the  Cecil  sandy  loam,  to  a 
depth  of  1  or  2  inches,  is  a  gray  sandy  loam,  which  passes  into 
a  brown  or  brownish-yellow  sandy  loam  extending  to  a  depth  of 
8  or  10  inches.  The  subsoil  is  a  bright-red,  stiff,  brittle,  friable 
clay,  which  extends  to  a  depth  of  3  feet  or  more.  The  sur¬ 
face  soil  in  plowed  fields  frequently  has  a  light-brown,  reddish- 
yellow,  or  reddish-brown  color,  which  results  from  the  mixing*  of 
some  of  the  red  subsoil  with  the  surface  material.  In  a  few  places 
white  quartz  stones  or  fragments  of  granite  appear  on  the  surface, 
but  not  in  quantities  sufficient  to  interfere  with  cultivation.  Some 
areas  of  Cecil  clay  loam  and  coarse  sandy  loam,  and  of  Appling 
sandy  loam,  too  small  to  show  on  the  map,  are  included. 

The  Cecil*  sandy  loam  is  most  largely  developed  in  the  western 
and  northern  parts  of  the  county.  Some  smaller  areas  lie  in  the 
southern  part.  The  largest  bodies  are  located  along  the  Forsyth 
County  line,  near  Alba  School  and  Long  View  School,  in  the  vicin¬ 
ity  of  Hildsdale,  Gethsemane  Church,  Fray  School,  and  Mount 
Vernon  School.  The  type  occupies  positions  on  the  ridges  or  on 
gentle  slopes  toward  streams. 

The  topography  of  the  Cecil  sandy  loam  is  gently  rolling  to  roll¬ 
ing,  except  near  some  of  the  streams,  where  it  is  strongly  rolling. 
Owing  to  the  porous  surface  soil  and  rolling  topography,  the  land 
is  well  drained.  On  some  of  the  steeper  slopes  the  surface  is  eroded. 

Although  relatively  small  in  extent,  the  Cecil  sandy  loam  is  an 
important  agricultural  soil.  About  one-half  of  it  is  under  cultiva¬ 
tion  and  the  rest  is  forested  with  oak,  hickory,  dogwood,  pine,  and 
some  cedar  and  persimmon.  The  soil  is  used  mainly  for  the  pro¬ 
duction  of  corn,  wheat,  clover,  and  tobacco.  Saccharine  sorghum, 
Irish  and  sweet  potatoes,  garden  vegetables,  and  fruits  are  grown 
on  most  of  the  farms  for  home  use  and  in  small  quantities  for  mar¬ 
ket.  Corn  yields  20  to  35  bushels  per  acre;  wheat,  10  to  15  bushels; 
clover,  about  1  ton  of  hay;  and  tobacco,  600  to  1,000  pounds  of  dark 
or  red  type.  Sorghum,  potatoes,  and  vegetables  give  good  yields. 

Corn  is  usually  fertilized  with  200  to  500  pounds  of  acid  phosphate 
and  cottonseed  meal  mixed,  or  about  the  same  quantity  of  an  8-4—0 
or  12-4-i 0  mixture.  Some  corn  is  planted  on  clover  land  and  is  not 
fertilized.  A  top  dressing  of  100  pounds  of  nitrate  of  soda  is  some¬ 
times  given  corn  about  tasseling  time.  Wheat  receives  200  to  300 
pounds  per  acre  of  8-2-2  fertilizer,  or,  if  planted  on  clover  land, 
about  200  pounds  per  acre  of  acid  phosphate.  Tobacco  land  is  given 
an  application  of  400  to  600  pounds  of  8-3-3  fertilizer.  Soy  beans 
and  clover  are  grown  on  this  type  by  many  farmers  to  increase  the 
fertility  of  the  soil. 


182  FIELD  OPERATIONS  OF  THE  BUREAU  OF  SOILS,  1920. 

Farm  land  of  the  Cecil  sandy  loam  sells  for  $30  to  $100  an  acre, 
the  price  depending  largely  upon  state  of  improvement  and  distance 
from  markets. 

The  Cecil  sandy  loam  is  a  good  strong  type  and  easy  to  work.  It 
needs  organic  matter,  which  can  be  supplied  by  turning  under  green- 
manuring  crops.  Liming  would  probably  be  beneficial  to  clover 
land.  Winter  cover  crops  should  be  planted  and  terracing  practiced 
to  prevent  further  erosion  and  gullying  on  the  more  rolling  areas. 

CECIL  LOAM. 

The  surface  soil  of  the  Cecil  loam  in  the  wooded  areas  is  a  gray 
loam  1  to  2  inches  deep,  passing  into  a  brownish-yellow  or  light-brown 
loam  or  heavy  fine  sandy  loam  extending  to  depths  of  6  to  10  inches. 
The  subsoil  is  a  bright-red  friable  clay,  normally  containing  some  fine 
mica  scales,  extending  to  depths  of  36  inches  or  more.  In  places  the 
surface  soil  dries  out  to  light  gray  or  nearly  white,  and  in  plowed 
fields  the  surface  is  frequently  reddish  yellow.  In  places  angular 
quartz  gravel  and  stones  are  scattered  over  the  surface  in  small  quan¬ 
tities.  Owing  to  the  rather  heavy  texture  of  the  surface  material, 
the  soil  tends  to  bake  and  clod.  Included  in  this  type  are  a  few  areas 
of  Cecil  fine  sandy  loam ;  the  more  important  of  these  occur  in  the 
northwestern  corner  of  the  county  at  the  western  boundary  and  1 
mile  east  of  Climax  along  the  southern  boundary. 

The.  Cecil  loam  is  derived  from  a  fine-grained  granite  schist.  The 
largest  areas  are  in  the  vicinity  of  Mount  Pisgah  Church,  Osceola, 
and  Shepherd  School.  Smaller  areas  are  mapped  in  other  parts  of 
the  county.  The  type  occurs  mostly  on  ridges.  The  topography  is 
gently  rolling  to  rolling,  and  the  drainage  is  good. 

The  Cecil  loam,  on  account  of  its  small  extent,  is  not  an  im¬ 
portant  agricultural  soil.  Approximately  half  of  it  is  cultivated, 
and  the  rest  is  in  forest  or  pasture.  The  forest  consists  of  oak,  hick¬ 
ory,  pine,  dogwood,  and  some  cedar.  Corn,  wheat,  and  tobacco  are 
the  leading  crops.  Some  clover  is  produced,  and  garden  vegetables 
are  grown  for  home  use.  Corn  yields  10  to  25  bushels  per  acre; 
wheat,  10  to  15  bushels;  and  tobacco,  500  to  800  pounds.  The 
fertilizer  treatment  for  the  Cecil  loam  is  about  the  same  as  for 
the  sandy  loam. 

Land  of  this  type  sells  at  $40  to  $100  an  acre,  the  price  depending 
mainly  on  the  state  of  improvements  and  nearness  to  markets. 

The  Cecil  loam,  like  the  sandy  loam,  is  deficient  in  organic  matter. 
The  suggestions  for  improving  the  Cecil  sandy  loam  will  apply  also 
to  the  loam  type. 


SOIL  SURVEY  OF  GUILFORD  COUNTY,  NORTH  CAROLINA.  183 

CECIL  CLAY  LOAM. 

The  surface  soil  of  the  Cecil  clay  loam,  locally  called  “  red-clay 
land,”  is  a  reddish-brown  or  brown  heavy  clay  loam  6  to  8  inches 
deep.  The  subsoil  is  a  red,  heavy,  stiff  clay,  which  extends  to  a  depth 
of  36  inches  or  more.  In  many  places  mica  flakes  and  angular  quartz 
sand  occur  in  the  subsoil.  In  a  few  areas  a  thin  coating  of  brown 
sand  lies  at  the  surface. 

The  Cecil  clay  loam  occurs  throughout  the  northern  half  of  the 
county,  and  also  to  a  small  extent  in  the  southern  half.  The  largest 
areas  are  on  the  slopes  leading  to  Haw  Paver,  Mears  Fork,  Reedy 
Fork,  Richland  and  North  Buffalo  Creeks,  and  around  the  head¬ 
waters  of  Deep  River.  The  type  generally  occupies  positions  on 
slopes  and  around  heads  of  small  streams. 

The  topography  is  prevailingly  gently  rolling  to  rolling,  but  is 
strongly  rolling  near  the  streams.  This  gives  the  soil  good,  and  on 
some  of  the  steeper  slopes  excessive,  drainage. 

The  Cecil  clay  loam  is  an  important  agricultural  soil.  Probably 
60  per  cent  of  it  is  cultivated,  and  the  rest  is  in  pasture  or  forest. 
The  timber  growth  consists  mainly  of  oak,  hickory,  and  pine,  with 
some  dogwood,  sourwood,  cedar,  persimmon,  and  walnut. 

The  important  crops  on  this  type  are  corn,  wheat,  clover,  and  to¬ 
bacco.  Vegetables,  Irish  potatoes,  sorghum,  and  fruits  are  grown  for 
home  use  and  to  some  extent  for  sale  in  local  markets.  Corn  ordinarily 
yields  15  to  40  bushels;  wheat,  10  to  20  bushels;  clover,  about  1  ton  of 
hay ;  and  tobacco,  of  dark  heavy  type,  600  to  800  pounds  per  acre. 

Fertilizers  are  used  by  nearty  all  the  farmers  on  the  Cecil  clay  loam. 
Corn  is  fertilized  with  150  to  250  pounds  of  9-4-0  mixture  and  cotton¬ 
seed  meal,  or  acid  phosphate  and  cottonseed  meal.  Wheat  receives  300 
to  400  pounds  of  8-2-2  fertilizer,  or,  if  planted  on  clover  land,  300  to 
400  pounds  of  acid  phosphate.  Tobacco  land  is  treated  with  600  to 
800  pounds  per  acre  of  8-2-3,  8-3-3,  or  9-2-3  fertilizer.  Wheat  is 
sometimes  given  a  top  dressing  in  the  spring  of  100  pounds  of  nitrate 
of  soda  per  acre,  and  the  same  quantity  is  sometimes  applied  to  corn  at 
the  last  cultivation.  Many  farmers  plant  corn  on  clover  land  and  use 
no  fertilizer.  Increased  yields  have  been  reported  for  corn  and  wheat 
grown  on  clover  land.  Cowpeas,  vetch,  and  soy  beans  are  grown  to 
some  extent  to  improve  the  soil.  Lime  at  the  rate  of  1  to  2  tons  per 
acre  is  applied  to  the  land  by  some  of  the  farmers,  and  good  results 
are  reported. 

Land  of  this  type  sells  for  $50  to  $150  an  acre,  the  price  depending 
upon  the  state  of  improvement  and  nearness  to  markets. 

The  Cecil  clay  loam  is  capable  of  being  built  up  and  maintained  in 
a  high  state  of  productiveness.  It  is  well  suited  to  the  production  of 
corn,  wheat,  clover,  grasses,  and  cowpeas.  Deeper  plowing  would 


184  FIELD  OPERATIONS  OF  THE  BUREAU  OF  SOILS,  1920. 

benefit  this  soil.  The  plowing  should  be  for  a  time  a  little  deeper  each 
year  and  thereafter  should  be  varied  in  depth  to  prevent  the  formation 
of  a  plow  sole.  Winter  cover  crops  would  help  to  prevent  erosion  and 
also  improve  the  physical  condition  of  the  soil.  Liming  is  beneficial 
in  obtaining  good  yields  of  clover  and  improving  the  structure  of  the 
soil.  Large  areas  of  this  soil  that  could  well  be  brought  under  cultiva¬ 
tion  are  now  idle.  A  rotation  of  crops  recommended  for  the  Cecil  clay 
loam  and  other  heavy  types  consists  of  red  clover  sown  in  the  fall 
with  wheat,  the  red  clover  to  remain  two  seasons,  followed  by  corn. 

DURHAM  COARSE  SANDY  LOAM. 

The  surface  soil  of  the  Durham  coarse  sandy  loam  is  a  light-gray 
coarse  loamy  sand,  passing  at  about  6  inches  into  a  yellow  coarse  sandy 
loam  which  extends  to  a  depth  of  10  to  15  inches.  The  subsoil  is  a 
pale-yellow  friable  clay  containing  considerable  coarse  quartz  sand 
and  fine  gravel.  In  some  places  the  lower  subsoil  is  mottled  or 
streaked  yellow  and  red,  and  here  and  there  the  disintegrated  parent 
rock  is  encountered  at  depths  of  30  to  36  inches.  In  the  forested  areas 
the  first  inch  or  two  of  the  surface  soil  is  gray,  owing  to  the  admixture 
of  dark-colored  organic  matter. 

The  Durham  coarse  sandy  loam  is  confined  to  one  large  area  in  the 
southeastern  corner  of  the  county  northeast  of  Julian.  The  topog¬ 
raphy  is  gently  rolling  to  rolling,  and  the  surface  and  internal  drain¬ 
age  are  good. 

On  account  of  its  small  extent  the  Durham  coarse  sandy  loam  is 
agriculturally  unimportant.  Nearly  all  of  the  type  is  cultivated. 
A  few  small  areas  are  in  pasture,  or  in  forest  consisting  of  post 
oak,  white  oak,  pine,  and  some  cedar  and  persimmon.  Corn,  cotton, 
and  wheat  are  the  main  crops.  Bright  tobacco  is  grown  in  a  small 
way.  Sweet  potatoes,  vegetables,  and  fruit  are  grown  for  home  con¬ 
sumption.  Corn  yields  10  to  25  bushels;  wheat,  5  to  15  bushels; 
cotton  averages  about  one-half  bale;  and  tobacco  yields  600  to  1,000 
pounds  per  acre.  Wheat  and  corn  receive  about  200  pounds  per 
acre  of  an  8-2-2  fertilizer,  and  tobacco  receives  400  to  800  pounds  of 
an  8-2-2  or  8-3-3  fertilizer. 

The  Durham  coarse  sandy  loam  is  decidedly  deficient  in  organic 
matter.  This  can  be  supplied  by  growing  and  turning  under  such 
crops  as  rye,  clover,  or  vetch. 

DURHAM  FINE  SANDY  LOAM. 

The  surface  soil  of  the  Durham  fine  sandy  loam  consists  of  5  to  7 
inches  of  light-gray  or  almost  white  loamy  fine  sand  to  fine  sandy 
loam  passing  downward  into  a  pale-yellow  light  fine  sandy  loam, 
which  extends  to  a  depth  of  10  to  15  inches.  The  subsoil  is  a  pale- 


SOIL  SURVEY  OF  GUILFORD  COUNTY,  NORTH  CAROLINA.  185 

yellow  to  bright-yellow,  friable,  crumbly  clay  or  fine  sanely  clay. 
In  wooded  areas  a  surface  layer,  1  to  2  inches  thick,  contains  enough 
organic  matter  to  give  it  a  gray  color. 

The  Durham  fine  sandy  loam  is  developed  in  comparatively  small 
areas  in  nearly  all  parts  of  the  county.  The  largest  area  is  just  east 
of  Browns  Summit.  Smaller  areas  lie  near  Oak  Shade  Church, 
Rehoboth  Church,  and  south  of  Cobles  School.  The  type  occurs 
mainly  on  interstream  ridges.  The  topography  is  gently  rolling  to 
rolling,  and  surface  drainage  is  well  established. 

The  Durham  fine  sandy  loam  is  of  minor  agricultural  importance 
because  of  its  small  extent  in  the  county.  About  60  per  cent  of  it  is 
under  cultivation;  the  rest  supports  a  growth  of  white  oak,  post  oak, 
pine,  cedar,  and  persimmon.  The  leading  crops  grown  are  tobacco, 
corn,  and  wheat.  Rye  is  grown  to  some  extent  as  a  cover  crop.  Gar¬ 
den  vegetables,  sweet  and  Irish  potatoes,  saccharine  sorghum,  and 
fruits  are  produced  mainly  for  home  use.  Tobacco  yields  600  to 
1,000  pounds  per  acre.  It  is  given  400  to  600  pounds  of  an  8-2-2, 
8-3-3,  or  9-2—3  fertilizer  per  acre,  which  is  sometimes  supplemented 
with  100  to  200  pounds  of  cottonseed  meal.  Rye  is  grown  to  some 
extent  as  a  winter  cover  crop  on  tobacco  land.  Corn  yields  20  to  35 
bushels  per  acre  and  wheat  5  to  15  bushels.  Soy  beans  and  clover 
are  grown  by  some  farmers  with  good  results. 

The  Durham  fine  sandy  loam  sells  for  $50  to  $100  an  acre,  depend¬ 
ing  upon  the  state  of  improvements. 

This  type  is  specially  adapted  to  the  production  of  bright  tobacco. 
It  is  also  well  adapted  to  sweet  potatoes,  muskmelons,  peanuts,  and 
garden  vegetables.  The  soil  as  a  whole  is  deficient  in  organic  matter. 

APPLING  COARSE  SANDY  LOAM. 

The  surface  soil  of  the  Appling  coarse  sandy  loam,  in  wooded 
areas,  consists  of  an  upper  layer,  1  to  3  inches  thick,  of  gray,  porous, 
coarse,  sandy  loam ;  below  this  is  a  yellow  or  pale-yellow  coarse  sandy 
loam  extending  to  a  depth  of  10  or  12  inches.  The  subsoil  is  a  yel¬ 
lowish-red  or  reddish-yellow  friable  clay,  which  contains  an  appre¬ 
ciable  quantity  of  coarse,  angular  quartz  particles  and  in  places  mica 
scales.  The  lower  subsoil  is  commonly  mottled  or  streaked  with 
red  and  yellow.  Decomposed  granite  rock  is  reached  at  30  to  36 
inches.  A  few  bowlders  or  angular  fragments  of  granite  lie  on  the 
surface  in  places.  The  surface  soil  in  the  cultivated  fields  has  a 
light-gray  or  yellowish-gray  color  to  a  depth  of  5  to  6  inches. 

The  Appling  coarse  sandy  loam  is  a  relatively  small  type.  The 
largest  and  most  important  areas  occur  1  mile  north  of  McLeansville, 
along  the  southern  slope  of  North  Buffalo  Creek,  and  in  the  south¬ 
eastern  part  of  the  county  in  the  vicinity  of  Staley  School,  Pleasant 


186  FIELD  OPERATIONS  OF  THE  BUREAU  OF  SOILS,  1920. 


Church,  and  Smithwood  Church.  Small  areas  are  mapped  else¬ 
where  in  the  county.  The  surface  is  gently  rolling  to  rolling.  Ow¬ 
ing  to  the  topography  and  the  porous  nature  of  both  surface  soil 
and  subsoil  the  type  is  well  drained. 

About  50  per  cent  of  the  type  is  cultivated,  and  the  rest  is  for¬ 
ested  with  white  oak,  post  oak,  pine,  and  some  cedar  and  persimmon. 
A  small  part  is  used  for  pasture.  The  chief  crops  are  corn,  tobacco, 
and  wheat.  Some  cotton  is  produced  in  the  southeastern  part  of  the 
county.  Rye  is  grown  as  a  cover  crop,  and  clover  is  produced  in  a 
small  wTay.  Sweet  potatoes,  Irish  potatoes,  and  garden  vegetables  are 
raised,  mostly  for  home  use.  Corn  yields  10  to  25  bushels  per  acre; 
tobacco,  600  to  800  pounds ;  and  wheat,  5  to  15  bushels.  The  tobacco 
produced  is  of  the  bright-leaf  type.  About  the  same  kinds  and 
quantities  of  fertilizers  are  used  on  this  type  as  on  the  smooth  phase 
of  the  Wilkes  sandy  loam. 

The  Appling  coarse  sandy  loam  is  well  adapted  to  the  production 
of  bright  tobacco.  The  soil  is  deficient  in  humus,  which  can  be  sup¬ 
plied  either  by  the  application  of  stable  manure  or  by  turning  under 
green-manuring  crops,  such  as  rye,  clover,  or  cowpea  vines.  Rye  is 
probably  the  best  green-manure  crop  for  tobacco  land. 

APPLING  SANDY  LOAM. 

In  virgin  areas  the  surface  soil  of  the  Appling  sandy  loam,  locally 
called  u  gray  land  ”  or  u  tobacco  land,”  for  1  or  2  inches  is  a  gray 
light  sandy  loam ;  below  this  it  is  a  yellow  or  brownish-yellow  sandy 
loam  to  a  depth  of  8  to  10  inches.  The  subsoil  is  a  pale-red  or  yel¬ 
lowish-red  friable  clay,  with  mottlings  of  red  and  yellow  in  the  lower 
part  of  the  3-foot  section.  The  subsoil  in  places  contains  consider¬ 
able  quantities  of  quartz  sand  and  fine  mica  flakes.  The  surface  soil 
in  cultivated  areas  when  moist  is  light  brown  and  when  dry  is  light 
gray  to  pale  yellow.  Fragments  of  the  underlying  rock  are  found 
on  the  surface  here  and  there.  Included  in  this  type  are  some  areas 
of  Cecil  sandy  loam  and  Cecil  clay  loam  which  were  too  small  to 
show  on  the  map. 

The  Appling  sandy  loam  is  confined  largely  to  the  northern  half 
of  the  county,  where  it  is  closely  associated  with  the  Cecil  sandy 
loam  and  the  Cecil  clay  loam.  The  soil  is  formed  principally  from 
granite  and  gneiss.  Important  areas  of  this  soil  are  located  in  the 
vicinity  of  Sandy  Ridge  Church,  Colfax,  Friendship,  Alba  School, 
Durhams  Store,  Oak  Ridge,  Kings  Crossroads,  Stokesdale,  Summer- 
field,  Hildsdale,  Pine  Grove  School,  and  Browns  Summit,  between 
McLeansville  and  Gibsonville,  and  in  the  southeastern  part  of  the 
county  east  of  Monnett  School  and  Holts  Store.  Smaller  areas  are 
mapped  in  practically  all  sections  of  the  county. 


boil  survey  OF  GUTLFORn  COUNTY,  NORTH  CAROLINA.  187 

Tlie  Appling  sandy  loam  occurs  mainly  on  the  smooth  inter¬ 
stream  ridges  and  on  gentle  slopes  approaching  stream  courses.  The 
topography  varies  from  almost  level  to  undulating  and  rolling.  Both 
surface  and;  internal  drainage  are  well  established.  In  places  around 
sources  of  small  streams  and  on  the  steeper  slopes  the  soil  is  consider¬ 
ably  eroded  and  gullied. 

•The  Appling  sandy  loam  is  one  of  the  important  soil  types  of  the 
county.  Approximately  60  per  cent  of  it  is  under  cultivation.  The 
rest  is  forested  with  red  oak,  white  oak,  post  oak,  pine,  and  some  dog¬ 
wood,  sourwood,  cedar,  and  persimmon.  Some  smaller  areas  are 
used  for  pasture. 

The  principal  crops  are  corn,  wheat,  clover,  and  tobacco.  Some 
cotton  is  produced  in  the  southeastern  corner  of  the  county.  Soy 
beans,  cowpeas,  and  rye  are  minor  crops.  Garden  vegetables,  sac¬ 
charine  sorghum,  sweet  and  Irish  potatoes,  peaches,  apples,  and  pears 
are  produced  for  home  consumption  and  for  sale  in  the  local  markets. 

Corn  yields  15  to  35  bushels  per  acre;  wheat,  10  to  20  bushels; 
clover,  about  1  ton  of  hay ;  and  tobacco,  600  to  1,000  pounds.  These 
crops  are  generally  fertilized.  Some  farmers  do  not  use  fertilizer 
on  corn  land,  and  others  do  not  fertilize  wheat  or  corn,  but  plant 
these  crops  on  land  that  has  been  in  clover,  soy  beans,  or  cowpeas. 
Corn  as  a  rule  receives  200  to  300  pounds  per  acre  of  8-2-2  fer¬ 
tilizer  or  acid  phosphate.  Sometimes  it  is  also  given  a  top  dressing 
of  100  pounds  per  acre  of  sodium  nitrate  at  the  last  cultivation. 
Wheat  land  usually  receives  200  to  300  pounds  per  acre  of  8-2-2  fer¬ 
tilizer  or  acid  phosphate.  Occasionally  wheat  is  given  a  top  dress¬ 
ing  of  about  100  pounds  per  acre  of  nitrate  of  soda  in  the  spring. 
Tobacco  is  fertilized  with  300  to  1,000  pounds  per  acre  of  8-2-3, 
8-3-3,  9-2-3,  or  9-3-3  fertilizer.  These  fertilizers  are  sometimes 
supplemented  with  cottonseed  meal.  Lime  is  being  introduced  and 
is  applied  to  wheat,  corn,  and  clover  land  at  the  rate  of  1,000  to  2,000 
jmunds  per  acre.  Those  who  have  tried  lime  report  satisfactory 
results  in  increased  yields. 

The  Appling  sandy  loam,  and  the  Cecil  sandy  loam,  which  is 
closely  associated  with  it,  are  plowed  rather  deeply  in  August  or  early 
September  for  wheat.  The  grain  is  sown  by  October  10,  if  possible. 
Clover  is  sometimes  sown  with  the  wheat  and  is  followed  by  corn 
or  wheat.  Corn  land  without  a  cover  crop  is  plowed  in  the  late 
fall  and  again  in  the  spring.  If  the  land  has  a  cover  crop  it  is 
plowed  in  the  spring  just  before  planting  the  corn.  Tobacco  land 
is  plowed  either  in  the  late  fall  or  in  the  spring.  The  plowing  is 
done  with  2-horse  plows  and  in  some  instances  with  tractors.  Walk¬ 
ing  or  riding  cultivators  are  used  in  cultivating  corn  and  tobacco. 
The  crusts  around  the  tobacco  stalks  are  broken  with  hand  hoes. 


188  FIELD  OPERATIONS  OF  THE  BUREAU  OF  SOILS,  1920. 


Land  of  this  type  sells  at  $40  to  $150  an  acre,  depending  upon  the 
state  of  improvement,  value  of  timber,  and  nearness  to  markets. 

The  Appling  sandy  loam  is  one  of  the  important  tobacco  soils  of 
the  county.  The  tobacco  is  said  to  be  slightly  heavier  and  darker 
than  that  grown  on  the  Durham  soils.  The  soil  is  also  well  adapted 
to  corn,  clover,  sweet  potatoes,  vegetables,  and  muskmelons.  The 
soil  needs  more  organic  matter,  which  can  be  supplied  by  plowing 
under  such  crops  as  rye,  red  clover,  or  cowpeas.  Deeper  plowing 
would  also  be  beneficial.  Erosion  is  active  in  many  places,  but  can 
be  controlled  by  growing  cover  crops  and  by  proper  terracing.  A 
suggested  rotation  of  crops  for  the  Appling  sandy  loam  is  a  winter 
cover  crop  of  rye  followed  by  tobacco,  then  by  cowpeas,  and  the  next 
year  by  corn. 

APPLING  FINE  SANDY  LOAM. 

In  wooded  areas  the  surface  soil  of  the  Appling  fine  sandy  loam 
consists  of  two  layers,  an  upper  one,  1  to  2  inches  thick,  of  gray 
or  light-gray  fine  sandy  loam,  and  a  lower  one  of  yellow  or  yellow¬ 
ish-brown  heavy  fine  sandy  loam,  which  extends  to  depths  of  8  to 
10  inches.  The  subsoil  is  a  yellowish-red  friable  clay,  which  becomes 
mottled  or  streaked  yellow  and  red  at  depths  of  24  to  36  inches.  In 
cultivated  areas  the  surface  soil  is  light  brown  when  moist  and  light 
gray  or  pale  yellow  when  dry.  Mica  flakes  and  quartz  sand  are 
usually  present  in  small  quantities.  White  quartz  gravel  and  stones 
are  on  the  surface  in  places,  but  not  in  sufficient  quantities  to  in¬ 
terfere  with  cultivation. 

The  Appling  fine  sandy  loam  is  inextensive.  The  largest  areas 
occur  in  the  northern  half  of  the  county,  in  the  vicinity  of  Lees 
Chapel  and  Brightwood  School,  northeast  of  Merry  Oaks  School, 
and  east  of  Osceola.  Smaller  areas  occur  in  the  southern  part  of  the 
county.  The  surface  is  gently  rolling  to  rolling,  and  the  drainage  is 
good. 

Approximately  one-half  of  the  type  is  cultivated;  the  rest  sup¬ 
ports  a  forest  growth  of  white  oak,  post  oak,  and  pine,  with  some 
dogwood,  sourwood,  and  cedar.  A  few  areas  are  used  for  pasture. 
The  important  crops  produced  are  tobacco,  corn,  wheat,  and  clover. 
Garden  vegetables,  sweet  and  Irish  potatoes,  and  fruits  are  grown 
for  home  use  and  to  a  small  extent  for  sale  in  the  local  markets. 
Tobacco  yields  600  to  800  pounds  per  acre;  corn,  15  to  30  bushels; 
and  wheat,  5  to  10  bushels.  Clover  does  well.  Crops  on  this  type  are 
fertilized  about  as  on  the  Appling  sandy  loam. 

Land  of  this  type  sells  at  $40  to  $100  an  acre,  depending  upon  im¬ 
provements  and  distance  to  markets. 

The  suggestions  for  the  improvement  of  the  Appling  sandy  loam 
will  apply  to  this  type  also. 


SOIL  SURVEY  OF  GUILFORD  COUNTY,  NORTH  CAROLINA.  189 

DAVIDSON  CLAY  LOAM. 

The  surface  soil  of  the  Davidson  clay  loam,  locally  called  u  red 
land  ”  or  u  grain  land,”  is  a  brown  to  reddish-brown  heavy  clay  loam, 
6  to  8  inches  deep.  The  subsoil  is  a  deep-red  or  maroon-red,  friable, 
smooth  clay,  free  from  quartz  sand,  which  extends  to  a  depth  of  3 
feet  or  more.  The  soil  is  derived  from  dark-colored  diorite  and 
diabase.  In  a  few  places  there  are  some  bowlders  of  the  parent  rock 
on  the  surface.  Included  within  this  type  are  a  few  small  areas  of 
Davidson  clay  and  Cecil  clay  loam  which  were  too  small  to  show 
on  the  soil  map. 

The  Davidson  clay  loam  is  found  in  practically  all  parts  of  the 
county  except  the  northwestern.  The  areas  range  in  size  from  a  few 
acres  to  4  square  miles  or  more.  The  larger  and  more  important 
areas  are  developed  around  Guilford  College,  north  of  Friendship, 
west,  north  and  northeast  of  Greensboro,  around  Hardys  Mill,  in 
the  northeastern  corner  of  the  county  in  the  vicinity  of  Troxlers  Mill, 
at  and  south  of  Gibsonville,  and  in  the  southeastern  part  of  the 
county  near  Climax  and  around  Pinedale  School  and  Bennetts  Store. 

The  type  occurs  principally  on  smooth  ridges,  although  some  of  it 
is  found  on  slopes  leading  to  creeks.  The  topography  is  gently  roll¬ 
ing  to  rolling  and  in  a  few  places  strongly  rolling.  Most  of  the  type 
lies  well  for  farming,  and  improved  machinery  can  be  used  over  the 
greater  part  of  it.  The  surface  and  internal  drainage  are  good,  but 
on  some  of  the  steeper  slopes  the  run-off  is  excessive  and  erosion  is 
active. 

The  Davidson  clay  loam  is  one  of  the  important  agricultural  soils 
of  the  county.  Approximately  60  per  cent  of  it  is  cultivated.  The 
rest  is  in  pasture  and  forest,  the  timber  growth  consisting  of  red  oak, 
white  oak,  pine,  cedar,  hickory,  and  some  dogwood,  walnut,  and 
persimmon.  Sassafras  bushes  grow  along  roads  and  edges  of  culti¬ 
vated  fields. 

The  principal  crops  are  corn,  wheat,  and  clover.  Some  soy  beans, 
cowpeas,  sweet  clover,  orchard  grass,  tall  oat  grass,  and  herd’s  grass 
are  produced.  The  grasses  are  usually  sown  with  red  clover.  Al¬ 
falfa  is  grown  in  a  small  way.  Irish  and  sweet  potatoes,  saccharine 
sorghum,  garden  vegetables,  peaches,  apples,  and  Ivieffer  peais  aie 
produced  for  home  consumption  and  for  sale  in  the  local  markets. 
Corn  yields  25  to  60  bushels  per  acre,  and  some  farmers  report  as 
high  as  75  bushels.  Wheat  produces  15  to  40  bushels  per  acre.  Clover 
alone  or  clover  with  grasses  yields  1  to  1J  tons  per  acre.  Cowpeas, 
sweet  clover,  and  soy  beans  give  excellent  returns. 

Corn  and  wheat  usually  follow  a  leguminous  crop,  such  as  clover 
or  cowpeas.  In  addition  the  crops  are  given  an  application  of  200 
to  300  pounds  per  acre  of  acid  phosphate.  Lime  is  used  by  a  few 


190  FIELD  OPERATIONS  OF  THE  BUREAU  OF  SOILS,  1920. 


farmers,  and  good  results  are  reported.  Many  of  the  farmers  plow 
this  soil  deep  with  heavy  draft  horses  or  tractors  and  give  the  seed 
bed  a  thorough  preparation.  The  wheat  bed  is  usually  made  firm 
by  rolling.  Corn  is  cultivated  with  walking  or  riding  cultivators. 

Land  of  this  type  sells  at  $75  to  $200  an  acre,  depending  upon  the 
state  of  improvements  and  nearness  to  the  markets. 

The  Davidson  clay  loam  is  probably  the  strongest  soil  in  the  county. 
It  is  well  suited  to  wheat,  corn,  clover,  alfalfa,  sweet  clover,  and 
grasses.  Deep  plowing,  thorough  preparation  of  the  seed  bed,  and 
the  addition  of  organic  matter  will  aid  greatly  in  building  up  the 
soil  and  maintaining  it  in  a  high  state  of  productiveness.  Winter 
cover  crops  should  be  planted  on  the  steeper  slopes  to  prevent  erosion. 

MECKLENBURG  LOAM. 

The  surface  soil  of  the  Mecklenburg  loam  is  a  brown,  reddish-brown, 
or  grayish-brown  loam  6  to  8  inches  deep.  The  subsoil  is  a  reddish- 
yellow  or  yellowish-brown,  sticky,  smooth  clay,  which  passes  at  30  to 
36  inches  into  greenish  disintegrated  diorite  rock.  Fragments  of  the 
parent  rock  or  of  quartz  occur  on  the  surface  in  places,  but  not  in 
sufficient  quantities  to  interfere  with  cultivation.  A  few  small  areas 
of  Mecklenburg  clay  loam  and  sandy  loam  are  included  in  this  type. 

The  Mecklenburg  loam  is  not  extensive  in  the  county.  The  largest 
areas  lie  near  Guilford  College,  south  of  Greensboro,  near  Friedens 
Church,  in  the  vicinity  of  Whitsett,  and  east  of  Pleasant  Garden. 
Smaller  areas  are  mapped  in  the  southern  and  eastern  parts  of  the 
county.  The  type  occurs  mostly  on  stream  slopes,  although  some 
areas  occupy  positions  on  the  smoother  ridges.  The  topography  is 
gently  rolling  to  rolling  and  strongly  rolling.  The  surface  drainage 
is  good,  but  owing  to  the  impervious  nature  of  the  subsoil  the  inter¬ 
nal  drainage  is  slow. 

The  type  is  not  important  agriculturally  because  of  its  relatively 
small  extent.  About  40  per  cent  of  it  is  cultivated,  and  the  rest  is 
in  forest,  consisting  of  oak,  hickory,  pine,  and  some  dogwood,  cedar, 
persimmon,  and  walnut.  The  main  crops  produced  on  this  soil  are 
corn  and  wheat.  Clover  and  tobacco  are  grown  to  a  small  extent. 
Vegetables,  sweet  and  Irish  potatoes,  and  fruits  are  produced  mainly 
for  home  use.  Corn  yields  20  to  35  bushels  per  acre  and  wheat  10 
to  20  bushels.  Clover  produces  about  1  ton  of  hay.  Good  yields 
of  heavy  tobacco  are  obtained. 

Corn  is  fertilized  with  50  to  150  pounds  per  acre  of  acid  phosphate 
and  cottonseed  meal  mixed.  Wheat  is  given  200  to  300  pounds  of 
acid  phosphate  and  cottonseed  meal  mixed,  or  about  the  same  quantity 
of  a  9-4-0  or  8-2-2  fertilizer.  Some  of  the  farmers  plant  corn  on 
clover  land  and  use  no  fertilizer.  Some  of  the  better  farmers  prac- 


SOIL  SURVEY  OF  GUILFORD  COUNTY,  NORTH  CAROLINA.  191 


tice  deep  plowing  and  thorough  preparation  of  the  seed  bed.  Lime 
is  used  by  a  few.  Land  of  this  type  sells  for  $50  to  $100  an  acre, 
depending  on  its  location  and  improvements. 

Suggestions  for  improving  the  Davidson  clay  loam  apply  to  this 
type. 

IREDELL  SANDY  LOAM. 

The  surface  soil  of  the  Iredell  sandy  loam  is  a  gray  to  brownish- 
gray  light  sandy  loam,  8  to  12  inches  deep.  The  subsoil  is  a  brown¬ 
ish-yellow,  plastic,  impervious  clay,  which  passes  at  about  30  inches 
into  greenish  weathered  diorite  rock.  The  subsoil  upon  exposure 
to  the  atmosphere  turns  brown,  cracks,  and  becomes  very  hard.  This 
soil  is  locally  called  “  pipe-clay  land.” 

The  Iredell  sandy  loam  is  confined  almost  entirely  to  small  areas 
in  the  south-central  part  of  the  county.  The  topography  varies  from 
gently  rolling  to  strongly  rolling.  The  surface  drainage  is  good, 
but  the  internal  drainage  is  poor  on  account  of  the  impervious  nature 
of  the  subsoil. 

About  50  per  cent  of  the  type  is  under  cultivation  and  the  rest 
is  forested  with  post  oak,  blackjack  oak,  and  a  few  pine  and  cedar. 
Some  areas  are  in  pasture.  The  principal  crops  are  corn,  wheat, 
and  tobacco.  Corn  yields  15  to  25  bushels;  wheat,  8  to  15  bushels; 
and  tobacco,  600  to  800  pounds  per  acre.  Corn  is  given  200  to  300 
pounds  per  acre  of  cottonseed  meal  or  of  an  8-2-2  fertilizer  mixture. 
Wheat  is  fertilized  with  150  to  300  pounds  of  acid  phosphate  and 
cottonseed  meal  mixed  or  200  to  300  pounds  of  an  8-2-2  or  9-1-0 
fertilizer.  Tobacco  is  given  400  to  600  pounds  of  an  8-1—4  fertilizer 
per  acre.  Land  of  this  type  sells  at  $50  to  $100  an  acre. 

IREDELL  FINE  SANDY  LOAM. 

The  surface  soil  of  the  Iredell  fine  sandy  loam  is  a  gray  fine 
sandy  loam  8  to  10  inches  deep.  The  subsoil  is  a  brownish-yellow 
or  greenish-yellow,  heavy,  plastic,  waxy  clay,  which  grades  into  the 
underlying  greenish  diorite  rock  at  depths  of  24  to  30  inches.  On 
the  surface  in  places  there  are  a  few  rounded  iron  concretions. 

The  Iredell  fine  sandy  loam  is  not  extensive  in  the  county.  The 
largest  areas  are  in  the  southwestern  part,  in  the  vicinity  of  Red 
Hill  Church,  around  High  Point,  and  south  of  Friendship.  1  he 
topography  of  most  of  the  type  is  gently  rolling  to  rolling,  but 
near  the  streams  it  is  strongly  rolling.  The  surface  drainage  is 
„00d  but  the  underdrainage  is  somewhat  retarded  by  the  tough 

to  } 

subsoil.  ,  _  .  .  ,• 

About  20  per  cent  of  the  Iredell  fine  sandy  loam  is  in  cultivation 

and  about  10  per  cent  is  in  pasture.  The  rest  supports  a  growth 
of  post  oak,  blackjack  oak,  and  some  pine,  cedar,  and  persimmon. 


192  FIELD  OPERATIONS  OF  THE  BUREAU  OF  SOILS,  1920. 

Corn  and  wheat  are  the  principal  crops,  and  tobacco  and  clover 
are  grown  to  a  small  extent.  Garden  vegetables,  sweet  and  Irish 
potatoes,  and  fruits  are  produced  for  home  use  and  for  sale  locally. 
Corn  yields  15  to  30  bushels  per  acre;  wheat,  10  to  15  bushels;  and 
tobacco,  600  to  800  pounds.  Clover  produces  well.  The  fertilizer 
treatment  for  corn  and  wheat  is  about  the  same  as  on  the  Iredell 
loam.  Tobacco  land  is  fertilized  with  about  600  pounds  per  acre 
of  complete  fertilizer  analyzing  8-3-3  or  8-4  -4. 

Land  of  this  type  sells  for  $40  to  $100  an  acre,  the  price  varying 
with  the  character  of  improvements  and  with  the  location  of  the 
particular  tract  with  respect  to  shipping  points  and  markets. 

The  Iredell  fine  sandy  loam  is  well  suited  to  wheat,  corn,  clover, 
grasses,  and  oats.  The  soil  would  be  greatly  benefited  by  deep  plow¬ 
ing  and  thorough  preparation  of  the  seed  bed.  The  growing  and 
turning  under  of  such  crops  as  clover,  cowpeas,  or  rye  would  be 
beneficial.  Considerable  areas  of  land  of  this  type  await  develop¬ 
ment. 

IREDELL  LOAM. 

The  surface  soil  of  the  Iredell  loam,  locally  called  “  pipe-clay 
land,”  is  a  dark-gray  to  brown  loam,  6  to  10  inches  deep.  The 
subsoil  is  a  dingy -yellow  or  brownish -yellow,  sticky,  impervious 
clay,  which  usually  grades  at  depths  of  24  to  30  inches  into  greenish- 
yellow  material  representing  the  partly  decayed  diorite  rock.  In 
places  large  quantities  of  small  iron  concretions  are  scattered  over 
the  surface  and  embedded  in  the  soil,  and  here  and  there  a  few 
bowlders  and  fragments  of  the  parent  rock  appear  at  the  surface. 
When  exposed  to  the  air  the  subsoil  becomes  dingy  brown  and 
cracks  when  dry. 

The  Iredell  loam  is  of  comparatively  small  extent.  The  largest 
areas  lie  near  the  eastern  boundary  1  mile  northwest  of  Shepherd 
School,  in  the  vicinity  of  Gibsonville  and  Whitsett,  and  around 
Lowes  Church.  Other  rather  large  areas  lie  east  of  Greensboro  and 
northeast  of  White  Oak,  and  numerous  smaller  areas  occur  elsewhere 
in  the  county. 

The  type  is  developed  mainly  on  interstream  ridges,  but  some  of 
it  occurs  on  the  slopes  near  streams.  The  topography  is  almost  level 
to  gently  rolling  and  rolling.  In  the  rolling  areas  the  surface  drain¬ 
age  is  good,  but  the  underdrainage  is  insufficient  because  of  the 
impervious  character  of  the  subsoil.  Both  surface  and  internal 
drainage  are  poor  in  the  more  level  areas. 

The  Iredell  loam  is  not  an  important  agricultural  soil.  About  15 
per  cent  of  it  is  used  for  farming,  a  small  part  is  in  pasture,  and  the 
rest  is  forested  with  white  oak,  post  oak,  blackjack  oak,  and  scattered 
cedar,  pine,  and  persimmon.  The  principal  crops  are  corn  and  wheat. 


SOIL  SURVEY  OF  GUILFORD  COUNTY,  NORTH  CAROLINA.  193 


Clover  and  cowpeas  are  minor  crops.  Corn  yields  15  to  35  bushels 
per  acre,  and  wheat  10  to  20  bushels.  Corn  is  fertilized  with  200  to 
300  pounds  of  a  mixture  of  acid  phosphate  and  cottonseed  meal. 

heat  is  fertilized  with  300  pounds  per  acre  of  low-grade  (8—2—2) 
fertilizer  or  when  sown  on  clover  sod  about  the  same  amount  of  acid 
phosphate.  Land  of  this  type  sells  for  $30  to  $100  an  acre. 

The  soil  is  well  suited  to  the  production  of  wheat,  oats,  clover,  and 
grasses.  More  of  the  type  could  be  used  for  agriculture  or  for  graz¬ 
ing  than  at  present. 

WILKES  SANDY  LOAM. 


The  surface  soil  of  the  Wilkes  sandy  loam  is  a  sandy  loam  of  a 
gray,  light-brown,  or  yellow  color,  with  a  depth  of  about  6  to  8 
inches.  The  upper  subsoil  is  a  yellow,  brownish-yellow,  or  mottled 
yellow  and  red  sandy  clay,  which  passes  at  an  average  depth  of  18 
inches  into  a  brownish-yellow  or  mottled  brown,  yellow,  and  gray, 
plastic,  sticky  clay.  The  upper  subsoil  is  similar  to  the  subsoil  of  the 
Durham  or  Appling  series,  and  the  lower  subsoil  resembles  in  many 
respects  the  Iredell  subsoil.  The  soil  is  derived  from  beds  of  granite 
and  gneiss  that  have  been  cut  by  dikes  of  pegmatite  or  diorite  or  other 
dark  rocks.  On  account  of  the  mixed  nature  of  the  parent  rock  the 
soil  represents  a  condition  rather  than  a  definite  type.  The  de¬ 
composed  bedrock  is  usually  encountered  at  a  depth  of  30  to  36 
inches. 

The  Wilkes  sandy  loam  is  confined  almost  entirely  to  the  southern 
half  of  the  county.  The  larger  developments  are  along  the  slopes 
of  Deep  River,  and  Twomile,  Bull  Run,  Registers,  Polecat,  Stink 
Quarter,  Little  Alamance,  Big  Alamance,  and  South  Buffalo  Creeks. 
Smaller  bodies  occur  upon  other  stream  slopes.  The  topography  is 
rolling,  strongly  rolling,  or  broken.  The  surface  drainage  is  good 
to  excessive,  but  the  internal  drainage  is  checked  somewhat  by  the 


heavy  lower  subsoil. 

The  Wilkes  sandy  loam  is  extensive,  but  on  account  of  its  broken 
topography  it  is  not  adapted  to  agriculture.  The  type  includes  the 
roughest  parts  of  the  county.  Most  of  it  supports  a  growth  of  post 
oak,  scrub  oak,  blackjack  oak,  pine,  dogwood,  and  cedar.  A  large 
part  of  the  land  is  leased  for  game  preserves  by  northern  hunters,  a 
small  part  is  in  pasture,  and  only  about  10  per  cent  of  it  is  farmed. 

The  main  crops  grown  are  corn,  wheat,  and  tobacco,  with  rye,  cow- 
peas,  and  clover  as  minor  crops.  Garden  vegetables,  sveet  and  liidi 
potatoes,  peaches,  and  pears  are  grown,  chiefly  for  home  use.  Corn 
yields  10  to  20  bushels  per  acre,  wheat  5  to  10  bushels,  and  tobacco 
500  to  600  pounds.  The  crops  are  fertilized  about  the  same  as  on 
the  smooth  phase  of  this  type.  The  Wilkes  sandy  loam  is  usually 
sold  in  conjunction  with  the  adjoining  soils.  This  type  probably 


194  FIELD  OPERATIONS  OF  THE  BUREAU  OF  SOILS,  11)20. 

should  be  left  in  forest  or  sown  to  grass  for  pasture,  as  the  topography 
is  so  rolling  that  the  soil  is  subject  to  serious  erosion. 

Wilkes  sandy  loam ,  smooth  phase. — The  Wilkes  sandy  loam, 
smooth  phase,  represents  the  smoother  areas  of  the  Wilkes  sandy 
loam.  In  wooded  areas  the  surface  soil  for  1  or  2  inches  is  a  gray 
sandy  loam,  which  passes  into  a  pale-yellow  or  light-brown  sandy 
loam  8  to  10  inches  deep.  The  subsoil  is  a  yellow  or  yellow  mottled 
slightly  with  red,  friable  sandy  clay  to  a  depth  of  18  to  24  inches, 
where  it  passes  into  a  mottled  yellow  and  red,  or  mottled  yellow, 
brown,  and  gray,  plastic,  sticky  clay.  In  places  the  lower  subsoil  is  a 
mottled  white  and  blue,  heavy,  sticky  clay.  The  surface  soil  in 
plowed  areas  has  a  brownish  cast  when  moist.  A  few  small  areas  of 
fine  sandy  loam  and  coarse  sandy  loam  are  included  in  this  type. 

The  smooth  phase,  which  is  rather  extensive,  is  confined  mainly  to 
the  southern  half  of  the  county.  The  largest  areas  are  around  and 
northeast  of  Greensboro.  Other  large  bodies  occur  in  the  vicinity  of 
Crossroads  School,  south  and  west  of  Holts  Store,  south  of  Bennetts 
Store,  north  of  Tabernacle  Church,  around  Groomtown,  east  of  Black 
Jack  School,  along  the  southern  county  line  at  Fairfield  Church, 
northwest  of  High  Point,  and  in  the  vicinity  of  Deep  River  Church. 

The  type  occupies  smooth  interstream  ridges.  The  topography 
ranges  from  almost  level  to  gently  rolling  and  rolling.  The  surface 
drainage  is  good  because  the  surface  soil  is  porous,  but  owing  to  the 
impervious  character  of  the  lower  subsoil  the  internal  drainage  is 
poor.  During  periods  of  heavy  rainfall  crops  are  damaged  or 
u  drowned  out,”  the  underdrainage  being  so  poor  that  the  surface  soil 
becomes  saturated. 

The  Wilkes  sandy  loam,  smooth  phase,  is  one  of  the  important 
farming  soils  of  the  county.  Approximately  60  per  cent  of  it  is 
under  cultivation  and  the  rest  is  forested  with  white  oak,  post  oak, 
blackjack  oak,  pine,  and  some  dogwood  and  cedar.  The  important 
crops  are  corn,  wheat,  and  tobacco.  Rye  and  clover  are  grown  to 
some  extent.  Garden  vegetables,  sweet  and  Irish  potatoes,  peaches, 
apples,  cherries,  and  pears  are  produced  for  home  consumption  and 
for  sale  in  the  local  markets. 

Corn  yields  10  to  25  bushels  per  acre;  wheat  5  to  15  bushels; 
and  tobacco,  600  to  800  pounds.  Corn  is  given  200  to  300  pounds 
per  acre  of  9-4-0  or  8-2-2  fertilizer,  or  about  the  same  amount 
of  acid  phosphate  and  cottonseed  meal  mixed.  Wheat  is  fertilized 
about  the  same  as  corn.  Tobacco  is  fertilized  with  500  to  600  pounds 
of  the  8-2-2  or  8-4r-4  mixture.  The  tobacco  is  of  the  bright-leaf 
type.  Many  farmers  grow  a  winter  cover  crop  of  rye  on  tobacco 
land.  Corn  or  wheat  sometimes  follows  a  crop  of  soy  beans  or 
cowpeas;  tobacco  is  rotated  with  wheat  or  corn;  and  many  farmers 
alternate  wheat  and  corn. 


SOIL  SURVEY  OF  GUILFORD  COUNTY,  NORTH  CAROLINA.  195 

Land  of  this  phase  sells  at  $50  to  $200  an  acre,  the  higher  prices 
being  paid  for  well-improved  farms  situated  near  markets  and  ship¬ 
ping  points. 

The  Wilkes  sandy  loam,  smooth  phase,  is  in  need  of  organic  mat¬ 
ter,  which  under  present  conditions  can  best  be  supplied  by  growing 
and  turning  under  green-manuring  crops.  More  systematic  crop 
rotations  would  also  help  increase  crop  yields. 

The  following  table  gives  the  results  of  mechanical  analyses  of 
samples  of  the  soil,  subsurface,  and  subsoil  of  the  typical  Wilkes 
sandy  loam  : 

Mechanical  analyses  of  Wilkes  sandy  loam. 


Number. 

Description. 

Fine 

gravel. 

Coarse 

sand. 

Medium 

sand. 

Fine 

sand. 

Very  fine 
sand. 

Silt. 

Clay. 

1 

235027 . 

Soil . 

Per  cent. 
2.0 

2.6 

.8 

Per  cent. 
13.0 

13.3 

7.4 

Per  cent. 
13.4 

10.1 

7.5 

Per  cent. 
36.9 

25.8 

25.7 

Per  cent. 

14.2 

12.3 

10.8 

Per  cent. 
15.9 

20.4 

22.8 

Per  cent. 

4.5 

15.4 

25.0 

235028 . 

Subsurface . 

235029 . 

Subsoil . 

GEORGEVILLE  SILT  LOAM. 

The  surface  soil  of  the  Georgeville  silt  loam  is  a  pale-red,  light- 
brown,  or  yellowish-brown  silt  loam,  8  to  10  inches  deep.  The  sub¬ 
soil  is  a  red,  friable,  crumbly,  silty  clay,  which  extends  to  depths  of 
3  feet  or  more.  A  few  quartz  stones  and  gravel  lie  on  the  surface  in 
places. 

The  Georgeville  silt  loam  is  not  extensive.  It  is  developed  in  a 
few  scattering  small  areas  along  the  southern  boundary  and  in  the 
southeastern  corner,  and  in  larger  areas  southwest  of  High  Point,  2 
miles  south  of  Pine  Grove  School,  and  near  Cobles  School,  Pinedale 
School,  and  Brick  Church.  The  type  is  derived  from  isolated  areas 
of  the  Carolina  slates.  The  topography  is  gently  rolling  to  rolling, 
and  the  drainage  is  well  established. 

About  25  per  cent  of  the  type  is  farmed,  and  the  rest  is  forested 
with  oak,  hickory,  and  dogwood,  and  some  pine,  cedar,  and  sourwood. 
Corn  and  wheat  are  the  principal  crops.  Corn  yields  15  to  30 
bushels  per  acre  and  wheat  8  to  15  bushels.  I  his  soil  is  usually  sold 
in  connection  with  the  adjoining  soils,  or  its  price  is  dependent  upon 
the  value  of  the  timber  growth. 

GEORGEVILLE  SILTY  CLAY  LOAM. 

The  surface  soil  of  the  Georgeville  silty  clay  loam  is  a  red  to 
reddish-brown  silty  clay  loam,  6  to  8  inches  deep.  I  he  subsoil  is  a 
light-red,  friable,  crumbly,  silty  clay,  which  extends  to  a  depth  ol 
3*feet  or  more.  On  the  slopes  near  Big  Alamance  Creek  the  parent 
slate  rock  is  frequently  encountered  at  30  to  30  inches. 


196  FIELD  OPERATIONS  OF  THE  BUREAU  OF  SOILS,  1920. 


The  Georgeville  silty  clay  loam  is  confined  to  the  southern  border 
and  southeastern  part  of  the  county.  The  soil  is  derived  from  slates 
of  the  Carolina  Slate  belt,  a  rock  formation  which  has  a  large  dis¬ 
tribution  in  Davidson  and  Randolph  Counties.  The  largest  areas  of 
this  type  lie  just  south  of  High  Point,  near  Climax,  and  east  of  Mount 
Hope  Church  to  the  eastern  county  line. 

The  topography  varies  from  almost  level  to  rolling  and  strongly 
rolling,  the  most  rolling  areas  occurring  on  the  slopes  of  Big  Ala¬ 
mance  Creek.  The  greater  part  of  the  type  lies  favorable  for  farm¬ 
ing.  Both  the  surface  and  internal  drainage  are  good,  although  the 
compact  subsoil  retards  the  downward  movement  of  water  to  some 
extent. 

The  Georgeville  silty  clay  loam  is  not  important  agriculturally 
because  of  its  small  extent.  Approximately  40  per  cent  of  it  is  culti¬ 
vated  ;  the  rest  is  in  forest  consisting  of  oak,  hickory,  dogwood,  and 
some  pine  and  cedar.  The  principal  crops  are  corn  and  wheat. 
Clover  is  grown  to  some  extent,  with  good  yields.  Cotton  is  pro¬ 
duced  in  a  small  way  in  the  southeastern  part  of  the  county.  Corn 
yields  10  to  35  bushels  per  acre ;  wheat,  10  to  20  bushels ;  and  cotton, 
one-half  to  1  bale.  Vegetables,  sweet  and  Irish  potatoes,  and  fruits 
are  grown,  for  home  use  mainly,  and  the  yields  are  good. 

Corn  land  receives  200  to  400  pounds  per  acre  of  acid  phosphate 
and  cottonseed  meal  mixed  or  about  the  same  amount  of  a  fertilizer 
mixture  analyzing  8-4-0  or  12-4-0.  If  wheat  follows  clover,  it  re¬ 
ceives  an  application  of  300  pounds  of  acid  phosphate  only,  other¬ 
wise  it  receives  300  pounds  of  an  8-2-2  fertilizer.  Cotton  is  fer¬ 
tilized  with  300  pounds  per  acre  of  an  8-3-3  fertilizer.  Some  farm¬ 
ers  do  not  use  fertilizer  on  corn,  but  plant  the  crop  on  land  that 
has  been  in  cowpeas  or  clover. 

Land  of  this  type  sells  at  $40  to  $150  an  acre,  the  tower  prices 
being  asked  for  poorly  improved  farms  remote  from  market  towns. 

The  Georgeville  silty  clay  loam  is  a  good  type  of  red-clay  land. 
It  is  well  suited  to  wheat,  corn,  and  clover.  It  is  greatly  benefited 
by  deep  plowing,  thorough  pulverization,  and  the  incorporation  of 
organic  matter.  The  more  strongly  rolling  areas  should  be  terraced 
or  planted  to  cover  crops  to  prevent  erosion.  More  of  this  type 
could  be  profitably  used  for  cultivated  crops  or  pasture. 

CONGAREE  SILT  LOAM. 

The  surface  soil  of  the  Congaree  silt  loam  is  a  reddish-brown, 
brown,  or  chocolate-brown  silt  loam,  8  to  10  inches  deep.  The  sub¬ 
soil  is  a  reddish-brown  to  brown  silt  loam  or  silty  clay  loam  extend¬ 
ing  to  30  or  36  inches  below  the  surface.  Small  scales  of  mica  are 
present  in  both  surface  soil  and  subsoil.  The  lower  part  of  the  sub¬ 
soil  in  places  is  mottled  yellow  and  brown  or  gray  and  yellow.  In 


SOIL  SURVEY  OF  GUILFORD  COUNTY,  NORTH  CAROLINA.  197 

other  places  a  bluish-gray,  plastic  silty  clay  is  encountered  at  depths 
of  30  to  36  inches.  Included  in  this  type  are  narrow  bands  and 

ridges  of  Congaree  fine  sand  and  fine  sandy  loam  too  small  to  show 
on  the  soil  map. 

The  Congaree  silt  loam  is  a  first-bottom  alluvial  soil  developed 
along  many  of  the  larger  creeks  of  the  county.  The  bottom  lands 
range  in  width  from  a  few  yards  to  one-fourth  mile  or  more.  The 
wider  areas  are  formed  along  Me^rs  Fork,  Reedy  Fork,  Moores, 
Brush,  Horsepen,  Richland,  South  Buffalo,  and  Twomile  Creeks. 
The  surface  of  the  type  is  almost  level,  with  a  gradual  slope  toward 
the  streams  and  in  the  direction  of  their  flow.  Surface  and  internal 
drainage  of  the  type  as  a  whole  are  poor.  The  stream  currents  are 
rather  sluggish,  and  the  type  lies  only  a  few  feet  above  the  normal 
water  level  and  is  subject  to  frequent  overflows. 

The  Congaree  silt  loam,  on  account  of  poor  drainage,  is  not  used 
much  for  farming.  Considerable  grass  is  cut  for  hay,  and  part  of 
the  type  is  in  pasture.  A  large  part  of  it  supports  a  growth  of 
willow  and  alder  and  an  undergrowth  of  water-loving  plants.  Some 
of  the  higher  and  better  drained  areas  are  used  for  corn,  which  here 
yields  25  to  50  bushels  per  acre  without  fertilizing. 

Land  of  this  type  is  usually  sold  in  connection  with  the  adjoining 
uplands.  The  Congaree  silt  loam  is  one  of  the  best  corn  soils  in  the 
State.  It  is  also  well  suited  to  the  production  of  oats  and  hay. 
In  Guilford  County,  however,  the  type  is  more  poorly  drained  than 
in  many  other  counties.  This  condition  may  be  due  in  part  to  the 
many  dams  constructed  along  the  creeks,  causing  much  backwater 
during  rainy  seasons.  In  order  that  this  type  be  profitably  farmed, 
it  should  be  thoroughly  ditched. 

MEADOW  (CONGAREE  MATERIAL). 

Meadow  (Congaree  material)  includes  mixed  material  so  varied  in 
texture  and  structure  that  it  can  not  be  classed  as  a  definite  soil  G  pe. 
It  is  composed  mainly  of  alluvial  material  deposited  along  some  of 
the  streams,  but  it  has  been  modified  considerably  by  collin  ial  wash 
from  the  adjoining  slopes.  The  soil  texture  ranges  from  coarse  sand 
to  fine  sand  and  silt.  In  places  the  material  is  deposited  in  alternat¬ 
ing  layers  throughout  the  3-foot  section.  The  color  of  the  material 
ranges  from  light  brown  to  brown  and  reddish  brown.  In  some  aieas 
the  "subsoil  is  similar  to  that  of  the  Congaree  silt  loam.  The  surface 
is  marked  by  many  sand  bars  and  hummocks. 

Meadow  occurs  in  narrow  strips  in  the  first  bottoms  of  many  of 
the  creeks  of  the  county.  The  surface  is  only  a  few  feet  above  the 
normal  water  level,  and  the  type  is  subject  to  frequent  overflows.  -V 
laro-e  part  of  it  remains  in  a  saturated  condition  throughout  the  year. 


198  FIELD  OPERATIONS  OF  THE  BUREAU  OF  SOILS,  1920. 

The  greater  part  of  Meadow  is  uncleared  and  supports  a  growth 
of  alder,  willow,  and  elm  and  an  undergrowth  of  water-loving  plants. 
Some  of  the  type  is  used  for  summer  pasture.  A  few  small  areas 
are  used  for  the  production  of  corn  and  hay.  Meadow,  if  cleared  and 
properly  drained,  would  make  good  pasture  and  produce  fair  crops 
of  hay  and  corn. 

ROCK  OUTCROP. 

Eock  outcrop,  shown  on  the  soil  map  by  symbols,  represents  bare 
exposures  of  rock.  Near  Flat  Eock  Church  the  rock  is  granite; 
at  other  points  in  the  county  the  rock  consists  of  bowlders  of 
diorite  or  large  stones  of  quartz. 

SUMMARY. 

Guilford  County  lies  in  the  north-central  part  of  North  Carolina. 
It  comprises  an  area  of  650  square  miles,  or  416,000  acres.  The 
topography  varies  from  almost  level  to  gently  rolling,  rolling,  and 
broken.  The  elevation  above  sea  level  ranges  from  about  TOO  to  900 
feet.  Drainage  is  effected  through  creeks  and  small  rivers  which 
have  their  origin  in  the  county  or  near  the  county  line.  The  county 
is  thoroughly  drained. 

Guilford  County  was  organized  in  1770.  It  has  a  population  of 
79,272.  Greensboro,  with  a  population  of  19,861,  is  the  largest  town 
and  county  seat.  High  Point,  with  14,302  inhabitants,  is  the  next 
largest  town.  The  railroad  facilities  are  good.  The  public  country 
roads  are  only  fair.  School  facilities  are  good.  The  important 
markets  are  Greensboro,  High  Point,  Winston-Salem,  Eeidsville, 
Danville  (Va.),and  Burlington. 

The  mean  annual  rainfall  is  46.78  inches,  and  the  mean  annual 
temperature  is  58.8°  F.  The  average  growing  season  is  201  da}7s. 

Agriculture  at  present  consists  in  the  production  of  corn,  wheat, 
tobacco,  and  clover.  Cotton  is  grown  in  a  small  way  in  the  southern 
part  of  the  county.  Garden  vegetables,  sweet  and  Irish  potatoes, 
and  fruits  are  grown  for  home  use  and  for  sale  in  the  local  markets. 
Tobacco  is  the  important  cash  crop.  Dairying  is  carried  on  to  some 
extent,  but  the  production  of  dairy  products  is  insufficient  to  supply 
the  local  needs.  Some  hogs  are  raised  and  sold  as  breeding  stock. 
There  are  a  few  herds  of  purebred  cattle. 

The  Cecil  sandy  loam,  Appling  sandy  loam,  Durham  fine  sandy 
loam,  and  Wilkes  sandy  loam,  smooth  phase,  are  considered  the  best 
tobacco  soils.  The  Davidson  clay  loam,  Cecil  clay  loam,  and  Meck¬ 
lenburg  loam  are  considered  better  adapted  to  wheat,  corn,  or  clover. 
Improved  farm  machinery  is  used  on  most  of  the  farms.  There  is 
no  commonly  accepted  system  of  crop  rotation.  Commercial  or 
mixed  fertilizers  are  used  generally  over  the  county.  Farm  labor 


SOIL  SURVEY  OF  GUILFORD  COUNTY,  NORTH  CAROLINA.  199 

is  mostly  white  and  is  scarce.  Most  farms  range  in  size  from  25  to 
200  acres,  averaging  about  100  acres.  Farm  lands  range  in  value 
from  $40  to  $200  an  acre. 

Guilford  County  lies  entirely  within  the  Piedmont  Plateau  region. 
The  soils  are  residual  and  alluvial,  the  alluvial  soils  occupying  only 
a  small  proportion  of  the  county.  The  residual  soils  are  derived 
directly  from  the  underlying  rocks,  which  are  mainly  granite,  gneiss, 
diorite,  diabase,  gabbro,  pegmatite  granite  and  gneiss,  and  slate  of 
the  Carolina  Slate  belt. 

The  residual  soils  are  grouped  into  the  Cecil,  Durham,  Appling, 
Davidson,  Mecklenburg,  Iredell,  Wilkes,  and  Georgeville  series,  and 
the  alluvial  soils  are  classed  in  the  Congaree  series  and  Meadow. 
The  soil  series  are  represented  in  the  county  by  18  soil  types,  includ¬ 
ing  Meadow. 

The  Cecil  sandy  loam,  Cecil  clay  loam,  Durham  fine  sandy  loam, 
Appling  sandy  loam,  Davidson  clay  loam,  Mecklenburg  loam,  and 
Wilkes  sandy  loam,  smooth  phase,  are  the  important  agricultural 
soils. 

The  Wilkes  sandy  loam  occupies  the  most  rolling  and  broken  parts 
of  the  county.  The  Cecil  loam,  Durham  coarse  sandy  loam,  Appling 
coarse  sandy  loam,  Appling  fine  sandy  loam,  and  Georgeville  silty 
clay  loam  are  farmed  to  some  extent,  but  they  have  only  a  relatively 
small  representation  in  the  county.  The  Iredell  loam  and  fine  sandy 
loam  are  farmed  to  a  small  extent.  The  Congaree  silt  loam  is  used 
for  the  production  of  corn  and  hay  to  some  extent,  but  the  type  as  a 
whole  needs  draining.  Meadow,  which  is  poorly  drained,  is  used 
in  only  a  small  way  for  corn  and  hay. 


■ 

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fine  sandy  loam 


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sandy  loam 


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fine  sandy  loam 


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